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<!DOCTYPE html>
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<title>6 Survey Analysis in R | Introduction to R for Crime Analysts</title>
<meta name="description" content="This course is designed to help you transition from SPSS to R, demonstrating that all of the functionality you’re accustomed to in SPSS can be replicated—and often enhanced—in R. By the end of this course, you will be equipped with the knowledge and skills to conduct your analyses in R, whether you’re dealing with basic descriptive statistics, survey data, or more advanced statistical models." />
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<meta property="og:title" content="6 Survey Analysis in R | Introduction to R for Crime Analysts" />
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<meta property="og:description" content="This course is designed to help you transition from SPSS to R, demonstrating that all of the functionality you’re accustomed to in SPSS can be replicated—and often enhanced—in R. By the end of this course, you will be equipped with the knowledge and skills to conduct your analyses in R, whether you’re dealing with basic descriptive statistics, survey data, or more advanced statistical models." />
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<meta name="twitter:title" content="6 Survey Analysis in R | Introduction to R for Crime Analysts" />
<meta name="twitter:description" content="This course is designed to help you transition from SPSS to R, demonstrating that all of the functionality you’re accustomed to in SPSS can be replicated—and often enhanced—in R. By the end of this course, you will be equipped with the knowledge and skills to conduct your analyses in R, whether you’re dealing with basic descriptive statistics, survey data, or more advanced statistical models." />
<meta name="author" content="Daniel Hammocks, Senior Data Scientist at Mayor’s Office for Policing and Crime" />
<meta name="date" content="2024-08-28" />
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<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="index.html"><a href="index.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Preface</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="index.html"><a href="index.html#purpose-of-this-book"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Purpose of this Book</a></li>
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<li class="chapter" data-level="1" data-path="introduction.html"><a href="introduction.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1</b> Introduction</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.1" data-path="introduction.html"><a href="introduction.html#overview"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.1</b> Overview</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.2" data-path="introduction.html"><a href="introduction.html#why-learn-r"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.2</b> Why Learn R?</a>
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<li class="chapter" data-level="1.2.1" data-path="introduction.html"><a href="introduction.html#flexibility-and-power"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.2.1</b> Flexibility and Power</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.2.2" data-path="introduction.html"><a href="introduction.html#reproducibility"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.2.2</b> Reproducibility</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.2.3" data-path="introduction.html"><a href="introduction.html#extensive-community-and-package-ecosystem"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.2.3</b> Extensive Community and Package Ecosystem</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.2.4" data-path="introduction.html"><a href="introduction.html#cost"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.2.4</b> Cost</a></li>
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<li class="chapter" data-level="1.3" data-path="introduction.html"><a href="introduction.html#replicating-spss-functionality-in-r"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.3</b> Replicating SPSS Functionality in R</a>
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<li class="chapter" data-level="1.3.1" data-path="introduction.html"><a href="introduction.html#data-management"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.3.1</b> Data Management</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.3.2" data-path="introduction.html"><a href="introduction.html#descriptive-statistics"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.3.2</b> Descriptive Statistics</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.3.3" data-path="introduction.html"><a href="introduction.html#statistical-tests"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.3.3</b> Statistical Tests</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.3.4" data-path="introduction.html"><a href="introduction.html#regression-analysis"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.3.4</b> Regression Analysis</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.3.5" data-path="introduction.html"><a href="introduction.html#data-visualisation"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.3.5</b> Data Visualisation</a></li>
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<li class="chapter" data-level="1.4" data-path="introduction.html"><a href="introduction.html#transitioning-from-spss-to-r"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.4</b> Transitioning from SPSS to R</a>
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<li class="chapter" data-level="1.4.1" data-path="introduction.html"><a href="introduction.html#building-confidence-in-r"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.4.1</b> Building Confidence in R</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.4.2" data-path="introduction.html"><a href="introduction.html#leveraging-rs-ecosystem"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.4.2</b> Leveraging R’s Ecosystem</a></li>
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<li class="chapter" data-level="1.5" data-path="introduction.html"><a href="introduction.html#conclusion"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.5</b> Conclusion</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2" data-path="getting-started-with-r.html"><a href="getting-started-with-r.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2</b> Getting Started with R</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.1" data-path="getting-started-with-r.html"><a href="getting-started-with-r.html#the-r-environment"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.1</b> The R Environment</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.1.1" data-path="getting-started-with-r.html"><a href="getting-started-with-r.html#overview-of-the-rstudio-interface"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.1.1</b> Overview of the RStudio Interface</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.1.2" data-path="getting-started-with-r.html"><a href="getting-started-with-r.html#console-vs.-scripts-vs.-notebooks"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.1.2</b> Console vs. Scripts vs. Notebooks</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.2" data-path="getting-started-with-r.html"><a href="getting-started-with-r.html#introduction-to-r-packages-and-installing-key-packages"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.2</b> Introduction to R Packages and Installing Key Packages</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.2.1" data-path="getting-started-with-r.html"><a href="getting-started-with-r.html#introduction-to-r-packages"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.2.1</b> Introduction to R Packages</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.2.2" data-path="getting-started-with-r.html"><a href="getting-started-with-r.html#installing-and-loading-packages"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.2.2</b> Installing and Loading Packages</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.2.3" data-path="getting-started-with-r.html"><a href="getting-started-with-r.html#key-packages-for-data-analysis"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.2.3</b> Key Packages for Data Analysis</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.2.4" data-path="getting-started-with-r.html"><a href="getting-started-with-r.html#managing-package-dependencies"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.2.4</b> Managing Package Dependencies</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.2.5" data-path="getting-started-with-r.html"><a href="getting-started-with-r.html#summary"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.2.5</b> Summary</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.3" data-path="getting-started-with-r.html"><a href="getting-started-with-r.html#coding-conventions-and-best-practices"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.3</b> Coding Conventions and Best Practices</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.3.1" data-path="getting-started-with-r.html"><a href="getting-started-with-r.html#writing-clean-and-readable-code"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.3.1</b> Writing Clean and Readable Code</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.3.2" data-path="getting-started-with-r.html"><a href="getting-started-with-r.html#commenting-and-structuring-scripts"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.3.2</b> Commenting and Structuring Scripts</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.4" data-path="getting-started-with-r.html"><a href="getting-started-with-r.html#data-types-and-structures"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.4</b> Data Types and Structures</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.4.1" data-path="getting-started-with-r.html"><a href="getting-started-with-r.html#introduction-to-vectors-data-frames-lists-and-factors"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.4.1</b> Introduction to Vectors, Data Frames, Lists, and Factors</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.4.2" data-path="getting-started-with-r.html"><a href="getting-started-with-r.html#comparing-r-data-types-to-spss-data-types"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.4.2</b> Comparing R Data Types to SPSS Data Types</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.5" data-path="getting-started-with-r.html"><a href="getting-started-with-r.html#basic-operations-and-functions-in-r"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.5</b> Basic Operations and Functions in R</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.5.1" data-path="getting-started-with-r.html"><a href="getting-started-with-r.html#arithmetic-operations"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.5.1</b> Arithmetic Operations</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.5.2" data-path="getting-started-with-r.html"><a href="getting-started-with-r.html#logical-operations"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.5.2</b> Logical Operations</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.5.3" data-path="getting-started-with-r.html"><a href="getting-started-with-r.html#basic-functions"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.5.3</b> Basic Functions</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.6" data-path="getting-started-with-r.html"><a href="getting-started-with-r.html#conclusion-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.6</b> Conclusion</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3" data-path="data-management-in-r.html"><a href="data-management-in-r.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3</b> Data Management in R</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.1" data-path="data-management-in-r.html"><a href="data-management-in-r.html#data-import-and-export"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.1</b> Data Import and Export</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.1.1" data-path="data-management-in-r.html"><a href="data-management-in-r.html#importing-data"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.1.1</b> Importing Data</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.1.2" data-path="data-management-in-r.html"><a href="data-management-in-r.html#exporting-data"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.1.2</b> Exporting Data</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.2" data-path="data-management-in-r.html"><a href="data-management-in-r.html#data-cleaning-and-preparation"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.2</b> Data Cleaning and Preparation</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.2.1" data-path="data-management-in-r.html"><a href="data-management-in-r.html#handling-missing-data"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.2.1</b> Handling Missing Data</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.2.2" data-path="data-management-in-r.html"><a href="data-management-in-r.html#filtering-and-subsetting-data"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.2.2</b> Filtering and Subsetting Data</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.2.3" data-path="data-management-in-r.html"><a href="data-management-in-r.html#data-transformations"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.2.3</b> Data Transformations</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.2.4" data-path="data-management-in-r.html"><a href="data-management-in-r.html#the-dplyr-pipeline"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.2.4</b> The dplyr Pipeline</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.3" data-path="data-management-in-r.html"><a href="data-management-in-r.html#working-with-categorical-data"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.3</b> Working with Categorical Data</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.3.1" data-path="data-management-in-r.html"><a href="data-management-in-r.html#creating-and-manipulating-factors"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.3.1</b> Creating and Manipulating Factors</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.3.2" data-path="data-management-in-r.html"><a href="data-management-in-r.html#recoding-variables"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.3.2</b> Recoding Variables</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.3.3" data-path="data-management-in-r.html"><a href="data-management-in-r.html#frequency-tables-and-cross-tabulations"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.3.3</b> Frequency Tables and Cross-Tabulations</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.4" data-path="data-management-in-r.html"><a href="data-management-in-r.html#conclusion-2"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.4</b> Conclusion</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4" data-path="connecting-to-and-accessing-a-postgresql-database.html"><a href="connecting-to-and-accessing-a-postgresql-database.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4</b> Connecting to and Accessing a PostgreSQL Database</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.1" data-path="connecting-to-and-accessing-a-postgresql-database.html"><a href="connecting-to-and-accessing-a-postgresql-database.html#introduction-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.1</b> Introduction</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.2" data-path="connecting-to-and-accessing-a-postgresql-database.html"><a href="connecting-to-and-accessing-a-postgresql-database.html#setting-up-the-environment"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.2</b> Setting Up the Environment</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.2.1" data-path="connecting-to-and-accessing-a-postgresql-database.html"><a href="connecting-to-and-accessing-a-postgresql-database.html#installing-necessary-packages"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.2.1</b> Installing Necessary Packages</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.3" data-path="connecting-to-and-accessing-a-postgresql-database.html"><a href="connecting-to-and-accessing-a-postgresql-database.html#connecting-to-postgresql-using-rpostgres"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.3</b> Connecting to PostgreSQL (Using RPostgres)</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.4" data-path="connecting-to-and-accessing-a-postgresql-database.html"><a href="connecting-to-and-accessing-a-postgresql-database.html#querying-data-from-postgresql"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.4</b> Querying Data from PostgreSQL</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.4.1" data-path="connecting-to-and-accessing-a-postgresql-database.html"><a href="connecting-to-and-accessing-a-postgresql-database.html#executing-a-query"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.4.1</b> Executing a Query</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.5" data-path="connecting-to-and-accessing-a-postgresql-database.html"><a href="connecting-to-and-accessing-a-postgresql-database.html#handling-errors-and-troubleshooting"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.5</b> Handling Errors and Troubleshooting</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.6" data-path="connecting-to-and-accessing-a-postgresql-database.html"><a href="connecting-to-and-accessing-a-postgresql-database.html#conclusion-3"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.6</b> Conclusion</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5" data-path="descriptive-statistics-and-visualisations.html"><a href="descriptive-statistics-and-visualisations.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5</b> Descriptive Statistics and Visualisations</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.1" data-path="descriptive-statistics-and-visualisations.html"><a href="descriptive-statistics-and-visualisations.html#introduction-to-descriptive-statistics"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.1</b> Introduction to Descriptive Statistics</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.1.1" data-path="descriptive-statistics-and-visualisations.html"><a href="descriptive-statistics-and-visualisations.html#understanding-descriptive-statistics"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.1.1</b> Understanding Descriptive Statistics</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.1.2" data-path="descriptive-statistics-and-visualisations.html"><a href="descriptive-statistics-and-visualisations.html#basic-descriptive-statistics-in-r"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.1.2</b> Basic Descriptive Statistics in R</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.2" data-path="descriptive-statistics-and-visualisations.html"><a href="descriptive-statistics-and-visualisations.html#creating-visualisations-with-ggplot2"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.2</b> Creating Visualisations with ggplot2</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.2.1" data-path="descriptive-statistics-and-visualisations.html"><a href="descriptive-statistics-and-visualisations.html#introduction-to-ggplot2"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.2.1</b> Introduction to ggplot2</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.2.2" data-path="descriptive-statistics-and-visualisations.html"><a href="descriptive-statistics-and-visualisations.html#creating-basic-plots"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.2.2</b> Creating Basic Plots</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.2.3" data-path="descriptive-statistics-and-visualisations.html"><a href="descriptive-statistics-and-visualisations.html#customising-your-plots"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.2.3</b> Customising Your Plots</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.3" data-path="descriptive-statistics-and-visualisations.html"><a href="descriptive-statistics-and-visualisations.html#descriptive-statistics-with-dplyr"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.3</b> Descriptive Statistics with dplyr</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.3.1" data-path="descriptive-statistics-and-visualisations.html"><a href="descriptive-statistics-and-visualisations.html#using-dplyr-to-summarise-data"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.3.1</b> Using dplyr to Summarise Data</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.3.2" data-path="descriptive-statistics-and-visualisations.html"><a href="descriptive-statistics-and-visualisations.html#combining-dplyr-with-ggplot2"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.3.2</b> Combining dplyr with ggplot2</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.4" data-path="descriptive-statistics-and-visualisations.html"><a href="descriptive-statistics-and-visualisations.html#advanced-visualisation-techniques"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.4</b> Advanced Visualisation Techniques</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.4.1" data-path="descriptive-statistics-and-visualisations.html"><a href="descriptive-statistics-and-visualisations.html#faceting"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.4.1</b> Faceting</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.4.2" data-path="descriptive-statistics-and-visualisations.html"><a href="descriptive-statistics-and-visualisations.html#combining-multiple-geoms"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.4.2</b> Combining Multiple Geoms</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.4.3" data-path="descriptive-statistics-and-visualisations.html"><a href="descriptive-statistics-and-visualisations.html#saving-your-plots"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.4.3</b> Saving Your Plots</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.5" data-path="descriptive-statistics-and-visualisations.html"><a href="descriptive-statistics-and-visualisations.html#conclusion-4"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.5</b> Conclusion</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6" data-path="survey-analysis-in-r.html"><a href="survey-analysis-in-r.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6</b> Survey Analysis in R</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.1" data-path="survey-analysis-in-r.html"><a href="survey-analysis-in-r.html#introduction-to-survey-data"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.1</b> Introduction to Survey Data</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.1.1" data-path="survey-analysis-in-r.html"><a href="survey-analysis-in-r.html#key-concepts-in-survey-analysis"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.1.1</b> Key Concepts in Survey Analysis</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.1.2" data-path="survey-analysis-in-r.html"><a href="survey-analysis-in-r.html#understanding-survey-data-structures"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.1.2</b> Understanding Survey Data Structures</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.2" data-path="survey-analysis-in-r.html"><a href="survey-analysis-in-r.html#importing-and-preparing-survey-data"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.2</b> Importing and Preparing Survey Data</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.2.1" data-path="survey-analysis-in-r.html"><a href="survey-analysis-in-r.html#converting-data-for-survey-analysis"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.2.1</b> Converting Data for Survey Analysis</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.3" data-path="survey-analysis-in-r.html"><a href="survey-analysis-in-r.html#descriptive-analysis-of-survey-data"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.3</b> Descriptive Analysis of Survey Data</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.3.1" data-path="survey-analysis-in-r.html"><a href="survey-analysis-in-r.html#calculating-means-and-totals"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.3.1</b> Calculating Means and Totals</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.3.2" data-path="survey-analysis-in-r.html"><a href="survey-analysis-in-r.html#frequencies-and-cross-tabulations"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.3.2</b> Frequencies and Cross-tabulations</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.3.3" data-path="survey-analysis-in-r.html"><a href="survey-analysis-in-r.html#comparing-results-with-spss-survey-functions"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.3.3</b> Comparing Results with SPSS Survey Functions</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.4" data-path="survey-analysis-in-r.html"><a href="survey-analysis-in-r.html#weighting-survey-data"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.4</b> Weighting Survey Data</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.4.1" data-path="survey-analysis-in-r.html"><a href="survey-analysis-in-r.html#applying-weights"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.4.1</b> Applying Weights</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.4.2" data-path="survey-analysis-in-r.html"><a href="survey-analysis-in-r.html#analysing-weighted-survey-data"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.4.2</b> Analysing Weighted Survey Data</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.5" data-path="survey-analysis-in-r.html"><a href="survey-analysis-in-r.html#conclusion-5"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.5</b> Conclusion</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7" data-path="inferential-statistics.html"><a href="inferential-statistics.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7</b> Inferential Statistics</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.1" data-path="inferential-statistics.html"><a href="inferential-statistics.html#hypothesis-testing"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.1</b> Hypothesis Testing</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.1.1" data-path="inferential-statistics.html"><a href="inferential-statistics.html#t-tests"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.1.1</b> T-tests</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.1.2" data-path="inferential-statistics.html"><a href="inferential-statistics.html#chi-square-tests"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.1.2</b> Chi-square Tests</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.1.3" data-path="inferential-statistics.html"><a href="inferential-statistics.html#anova-analysis-of-variance"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.1.3</b> ANOVA (Analysis of Variance)</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.2" data-path="inferential-statistics.html"><a href="inferential-statistics.html#correlation-analysis"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.2</b> Correlation Analysis</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.2.1" data-path="inferential-statistics.html"><a href="inferential-statistics.html#pearson-correlation"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.2.1</b> Pearson Correlation</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.2.2" data-path="inferential-statistics.html"><a href="inferential-statistics.html#spearman-correlation"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.2.2</b> Spearman Correlation</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.2.3" data-path="inferential-statistics.html"><a href="inferential-statistics.html#pearson-vs-spearman"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.2.3</b> Pearson vs Spearman?</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.2.4" data-path="inferential-statistics.html"><a href="inferential-statistics.html#visualising-correlations"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.2.4</b> Visualising Correlations</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.3" data-path="inferential-statistics.html"><a href="inferential-statistics.html#conclusion-6"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.3</b> Conclusion</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8" data-path="regression-analysis-1.html"><a href="regression-analysis-1.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8</b> Regression Analysis</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.1" data-path="regression-analysis-1.html"><a href="regression-analysis-1.html#introduction-to-regression-analysis"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.1</b> Introduction to Regression Analysis</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.1.1" data-path="regression-analysis-1.html"><a href="regression-analysis-1.html#what-is-linear-regression"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.1.1</b> What is Linear Regression?</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.2" data-path="regression-analysis-1.html"><a href="regression-analysis-1.html#simple-linear-regression-in-r"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.2</b> Simple Linear Regression in R</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.2.1" data-path="regression-analysis-1.html"><a href="regression-analysis-1.html#performing-simple-linear-regression"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.2.1</b> Performing Simple Linear Regression</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.2.2" data-path="regression-analysis-1.html"><a href="regression-analysis-1.html#interpreting-the-output"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.2.2</b> Interpreting the Output</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.3" data-path="regression-analysis-1.html"><a href="regression-analysis-1.html#multiple-linear-regression"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.3</b> Multiple Linear Regression</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.3.1" data-path="regression-analysis-1.html"><a href="regression-analysis-1.html#performing-multiple-linear-regression"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.3.1</b> Performing Multiple Linear Regression</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.3.2" data-path="regression-analysis-1.html"><a href="regression-analysis-1.html#detailed-interpretation-of-the-output"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.3.2</b> Detailed Interpretation of the Output</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.4" data-path="regression-analysis-1.html"><a href="regression-analysis-1.html#checking-model-assumptions"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.4</b> Checking Model Assumptions</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.4.1" data-path="regression-analysis-1.html"><a href="regression-analysis-1.html#assumption-1-linearity"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.4.1</b> Assumption 1: Linearity</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.4.2" data-path="regression-analysis-1.html"><a href="regression-analysis-1.html#assumption-2-normality-of-residuals"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.4.2</b> Assumption 2: Normality of Residuals</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.4.3" data-path="regression-analysis-1.html"><a href="regression-analysis-1.html#assumption-3-homoscedasticity"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.4.3</b> Assumption 3: Homoscedasticity</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.4.4" data-path="regression-analysis-1.html"><a href="regression-analysis-1.html#assumption-4-independence-of-errors"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.4.4</b> Assumption 4: Independence of Errors</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.4.5" data-path="regression-analysis-1.html"><a href="regression-analysis-1.html#assumption-5-multicollinearity"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.4.5</b> Assumption 5: Multicollinearity</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.5" data-path="regression-analysis-1.html"><a href="regression-analysis-1.html#transformations-and-interaction-terms"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.5</b> Transformations and Interaction Terms</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.5.1" data-path="regression-analysis-1.html"><a href="regression-analysis-1.html#when-and-how-to-apply-transformations"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.5.1</b> When and How to Apply Transformations</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.5.2" data-path="regression-analysis-1.html"><a href="regression-analysis-1.html#using-interaction-terms"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.5.2</b> Using Interaction Terms</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.6" data-path="regression-analysis-1.html"><a href="regression-analysis-1.html#logistic-regression"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.6</b> Logistic Regression</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.6.1" data-path="regression-analysis-1.html"><a href="regression-analysis-1.html#performing-logistic-regression-in-r"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.6.1</b> Performing Logistic Regression in R</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.6.2" data-path="regression-analysis-1.html"><a href="regression-analysis-1.html#interpreting-logistic-regression-output"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.6.2</b> Interpreting Logistic Regression Output</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.7" data-path="regression-analysis-1.html"><a href="regression-analysis-1.html#checking-model-assumptions-for-logistic-regression"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.7</b> Checking Model Assumptions for Logistic Regression</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.7.1" data-path="regression-analysis-1.html"><a href="regression-analysis-1.html#assumption-1-linearity-of-the-logit"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.7.1</b> Assumption 1: Linearity of the Logit</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.7.2" data-path="regression-analysis-1.html"><a href="regression-analysis-1.html#assumption-2-independence-of-observations"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.7.2</b> Assumption 2: Independence of Observations</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.7.3" data-path="regression-analysis-1.html"><a href="regression-analysis-1.html#assumption-3-absence-of-multicollinearity"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.7.3</b> Assumption 3: Absence of Multicollinearity</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.7.4" data-path="regression-analysis-1.html"><a href="regression-analysis-1.html#assumption-4-sufficient-sample-size"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.7.4</b> Assumption 4: Sufficient Sample Size</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.8" data-path="regression-analysis-1.html"><a href="regression-analysis-1.html#model-validation-and-diagnostics"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.8</b> Model Validation and Diagnostics</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.8.1" data-path="regression-analysis-1.html"><a href="regression-analysis-1.html#cross-validation"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.8.1</b> Cross-Validation</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.8.2" data-path="regression-analysis-1.html"><a href="regression-analysis-1.html#dealing-with-overfitting"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.8.2</b> Dealing with Overfitting</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.9" data-path="regression-analysis-1.html"><a href="regression-analysis-1.html#conclusion-7"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.9</b> Conclusion</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9" data-path="geographic-mapping-and-spatial-analysis.html"><a href="geographic-mapping-and-spatial-analysis.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9</b> Geographic Mapping and Spatial Analysis</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.1" data-path="geographic-mapping-and-spatial-analysis.html"><a href="geographic-mapping-and-spatial-analysis.html#introduction-to-geographic-data-in-r"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.1</b> Introduction to Geographic Data in R</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.1.1" data-path="geographic-mapping-and-spatial-analysis.html"><a href="geographic-mapping-and-spatial-analysis.html#understanding-geographic-data-formats"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.1.1</b> Understanding Geographic Data Formats</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.1.2" data-path="geographic-mapping-and-spatial-analysis.html"><a href="geographic-mapping-and-spatial-analysis.html#importing-and-handling-spatial-data-with-the-sf-package"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.1.2</b> Importing and Handling Spatial Data with the <code>sf</code> Package</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.2" data-path="geographic-mapping-and-spatial-analysis.html"><a href="geographic-mapping-and-spatial-analysis.html#geographic-coordinate-systems-and-projections"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.2</b> Geographic Coordinate Systems and Projections</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.2.1" data-path="geographic-mapping-and-spatial-analysis.html"><a href="geographic-mapping-and-spatial-analysis.html#introduction-to-coordinate-systems"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.2.1</b> Introduction to Coordinate Systems</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.2.2" data-path="geographic-mapping-and-spatial-analysis.html"><a href="geographic-mapping-and-spatial-analysis.html#common-issues-with-coordinate-systems-in-r"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.2.2</b> Common Issues with Coordinate Systems in R</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.2.3" data-path="geographic-mapping-and-spatial-analysis.html"><a href="geographic-mapping-and-spatial-analysis.html#handling-coordinate-systems-in-r"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.2.3</b> Handling Coordinate Systems in R</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.2.4" data-path="geographic-mapping-and-spatial-analysis.html"><a href="geographic-mapping-and-spatial-analysis.html#practical-considerations"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.2.4</b> Practical Considerations</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.3" data-path="geographic-mapping-and-spatial-analysis.html"><a href="geographic-mapping-and-spatial-analysis.html#creating-basic-maps"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.3</b> Creating Basic Maps</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.3.1" data-path="geographic-mapping-and-spatial-analysis.html"><a href="geographic-mapping-and-spatial-analysis.html#plotting-data-on-maps-using-ggplot2-and-sf"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.3.1</b> Plotting Data on Maps Using ggplot2 and sf</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.3.2" data-path="geographic-mapping-and-spatial-analysis.html"><a href="geographic-mapping-and-spatial-analysis.html#customising-maps"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.3.2</b> Customising Maps</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.4" data-path="geographic-mapping-and-spatial-analysis.html"><a href="geographic-mapping-and-spatial-analysis.html#spatial-analysis"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.4</b> Spatial Analysis</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.4.1" data-path="geographic-mapping-and-spatial-analysis.html"><a href="geographic-mapping-and-spatial-analysis.html#basic-spatial-operations"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.4.1</b> Basic Spatial Operations</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.4.2" data-path="geographic-mapping-and-spatial-analysis.html"><a href="geographic-mapping-and-spatial-analysis.html#creating-choropleth-maps"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.4.2</b> Creating Choropleth Maps</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.5" data-path="geographic-mapping-and-spatial-analysis.html"><a href="geographic-mapping-and-spatial-analysis.html#conclusion-8"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.5</b> Conclusion</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="exercise-answers.html"><a href="exercise-answers.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Exercise Answers</a>
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<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="exercise-answers.html"><a href="exercise-answers.html#chapter-2"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Chapter 2</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="exercise-answers.html"><a href="exercise-answers.html#exercise-2.1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Exercise 2.1</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="exercise-answers.html"><a href="exercise-answers.html#exercise-2.2"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Exercise 2.2</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="exercise-answers.html"><a href="exercise-answers.html#exercise-2.3"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Exercise 2.3</a></li>
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<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="exercise-answers.html"><a href="exercise-answers.html#chapter-3"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Chapter 3</a>
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<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="exercise-answers.html"><a href="exercise-answers.html#exercise-3.1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Exercise 3.1</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="exercise-answers.html"><a href="exercise-answers.html#exercise-3.2"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Exercise 3.2</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="exercise-answers.html"><a href="exercise-answers.html#exercise-3.3"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Exercise 3.3</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="exercise-answers.html"><a href="exercise-answers.html#exercise-3.4"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Exercise 3.4</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="exercise-answers.html"><a href="exercise-answers.html#exercise-3.5"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Exercise 3.5</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="exercise-answers.html"><a href="exercise-answers.html#exercise-3.6"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Exercise 3.6</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="exercise-answers.html"><a href="exercise-answers.html#exercise-3.7"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Exercise 3.7</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="exercise-answers.html"><a href="exercise-answers.html#exercise-3.8"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Exercise 3.8</a></li>
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<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="exercise-answers.html"><a href="exercise-answers.html#chapter-5"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Chapter 5</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="exercise-answers.html"><a href="exercise-answers.html#exercise-5.1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Exercise 5.1</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="exercise-answers.html"><a href="exercise-answers.html#excercise-5.2"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Excercise 5.2</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="exercise-answers.html"><a href="exercise-answers.html#exercise-5.3"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Exercise 5.3</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="exercise-answers.html"><a href="exercise-answers.html#exercise-5.4"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Exercise 5.4</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="exercise-answers.html"><a href="exercise-answers.html#exercise-5.6"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Exercise 5.6</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="exercise-answers.html"><a href="exercise-answers.html#exercise-5.7"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Exercise 5.7</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="exercise-answers.html"><a href="exercise-answers.html#exercise-5.8"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Exercise 5.8</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="exercise-answers.html"><a href="exercise-answers.html#excerise-5.9"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Excerise 5.9</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="exercise-answers.html"><a href="exercise-answers.html#exercise-5.10"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Exercise 5.10</a></li>
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<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="exercise-answers.html"><a href="exercise-answers.html#chapter-6"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Chapter 6</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="exercise-answers.html"><a href="exercise-answers.html#chapter-7"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Chapter 7</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="exercise-answers.html"><a href="exercise-answers.html#exercise-7.1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Exercise 7.1</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="exercise-answers.html"><a href="exercise-answers.html#exercise-7.2"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Exercise 7.2</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="exercise-answers.html"><a href="exercise-answers.html#exercise-7.3"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Exercise 7.3</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="exercise-answers.html"><a href="exercise-answers.html#exercise-7.4"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Exercise 7.4</a></li>
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<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="exercise-answers.html"><a href="exercise-answers.html#chapter-8"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Chapter 8</a>
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<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="exercise-answers.html"><a href="exercise-answers.html#exercise-8.1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Exercise 8.1</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="exercise-answers.html"><a href="exercise-answers.html#exercise-8.2"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Exercise 8.2</a></li>
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<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="exercise-answers.html"><a href="exercise-answers.html#chapter-9"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Chapter 9</a>
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<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="exercise-answers.html"><a href="exercise-answers.html#exercise-9.1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Exercise 9.1</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="exercise-answers.html"><a href="exercise-answers.html#exercise-9.2"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Exercise 9.2</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="exercise-answers.html"><a href="exercise-answers.html#exercise-9.3"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Exercise 9.3</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="exercise-answers.html"><a href="exercise-answers.html#exercise-9.4"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Exercise 9.4</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="exercise-answers.html"><a href="exercise-answers.html#exercise-9.5"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Exercise 9.5</a></li>
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<div id="survey-analysis-in-r" class="section level1 hasAnchor" number="6">
<h1><span class="header-section-number">6</span> Survey Analysis in R<a href="survey-analysis-in-r.html#survey-analysis-in-r" class="anchor-section" aria-label="Anchor link to header"></a></h1>
<p>Survey data is a powerful tool in crime analysis, providing insights into public perceptions, victimisation rates, and more. In this chapter, we will explore how to manage and analyse survey data using R. For those familiar with SPSS, you’ll find that while the syntax and interface differ, R offers extensive capabilities for survey analysis, often with greater flexibility and control.</p>
<div id="introduction-to-survey-data" class="section level2 hasAnchor" number="6.1">
<h2><span class="header-section-number">6.1</span> Introduction to Survey Data<a href="survey-analysis-in-r.html#introduction-to-survey-data" class="anchor-section" aria-label="Anchor link to header"></a></h2>
<p>Survey data often come with complex structures, including weighting, stratification, and clustering, which need to be handled appropriately to ensure valid analysis. In SPSS, you may have used procedures like FREQUENCIES, CROSSTABS, and WEIGHT to analyse survey data. In R, you can accomplish these tasks using various packages, with <code>survey</code> and <code>srvyr</code> being among the most powerful for survey data. The <code>haven</code> package is also particularly useful for importing SPSS <code>.sav</code> files directly into R.</p>
<p><strong>Install the packages if you haven’t already:</strong></p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb69"><pre class="sourceCode r"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb69-1"><a href="survey-analysis-in-r.html#cb69-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">install.packages</span>(<span class="st">"survey"</span>)</span>
<span id="cb69-2"><a href="survey-analysis-in-r.html#cb69-2" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">install.packages</span>(<span class="st">"srvyr"</span>)</span>
<span id="cb69-3"><a href="survey-analysis-in-r.html#cb69-3" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">install.packages</span>(<span class="st">"haven"</span>)</span></code></pre></div>
<div id="key-concepts-in-survey-analysis" class="section level3 hasAnchor" number="6.1.1">
<h3><span class="header-section-number">6.1.1</span> Key Concepts in Survey Analysis<a href="survey-analysis-in-r.html#key-concepts-in-survey-analysis" class="anchor-section" aria-label="Anchor link to header"></a></h3>
<ul>
<li><strong>Weighting:</strong> Adjusts the data to represent the population more accurately, compensating for oversampling or undersampling.</li>
<li><strong>Stratification:</strong> Divides the population into subgroups (strata) before sampling to ensure representation from each subgroup.</li>
<li><strong>Clustering:</strong> Groups the population into clusters, where a random sample of clusters is then selected.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div id="understanding-survey-data-structures" class="section level3 hasAnchor" number="6.1.2">
<h3><span class="header-section-number">6.1.2</span> Understanding Survey Data Structures<a href="survey-analysis-in-r.html#understanding-survey-data-structures" class="anchor-section" aria-label="Anchor link to header"></a></h3>
<p>Survey data typically consists of responses from individuals to a set of questions, often with demographic information included. In SPSS, survey data is usually stored in <code>.sav</code> files with each row representing a respondent and each column representing a variable (question, demographic information, etc.). In R, survey data is typically handled within a data frame, where the structure is similar.</p>
<p>Survey datasets might also include:</p>
<ul>
<li>Categorical variables (e.g., gender, education level)</li>
<li>Numerical variables (e.g., age, income)</li>
<li>Weighting variables (to adjust for survey sampling)</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div id="importing-and-preparing-survey-data" class="section level2 hasAnchor" number="6.2">
<h2><span class="header-section-number">6.2</span> Importing and Preparing Survey Data<a href="survey-analysis-in-r.html#importing-and-preparing-survey-data" class="anchor-section" aria-label="Anchor link to header"></a></h2>
<p>Just like SPSS, R can import survey data from various file formats, including SPSS files.</p>
<p><strong>Here’s how you can import SPSS survey data into R:</strong></p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb70"><pre class="sourceCode r"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb70-1"><a href="survey-analysis-in-r.html#cb70-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># Load haven package</span></span>
<span id="cb70-2"><a href="survey-analysis-in-r.html#cb70-2" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">library</span>(haven)</span>
<span id="cb70-3"><a href="survey-analysis-in-r.html#cb70-3" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb70-4"><a href="survey-analysis-in-r.html#cb70-4" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># Import SPSS data</span></span>
<span id="cb70-5"><a href="survey-analysis-in-r.html#cb70-5" tabindex="-1"></a>survey_data <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="fu">read_sav</span>(<span class="st">"data/survey_data.sav"</span>)</span>
<span id="cb70-6"><a href="survey-analysis-in-r.html#cb70-6" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb70-7"><a href="survey-analysis-in-r.html#cb70-7" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># View the first few rows of the data</span></span>
<span id="cb70-8"><a href="survey-analysis-in-r.html#cb70-8" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">head</span>(survey_data)</span>
<span id="cb70-9"><a href="survey-analysis-in-r.html#cb70-9" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb70-10"><a href="survey-analysis-in-r.html#cb70-10" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#Produce a summary of the data</span></span>
<span id="cb70-11"><a href="survey-analysis-in-r.html#cb70-11" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">summary</span>(survey_data)</span></code></pre></div>
<p>Once imported, survey data in R can be manipulated just like any other data frame. You can use functions from base R or packages like <code>dplyr</code> to <code>filter</code>, <code>select</code>, and <code>mutate</code> your data, just as you might use similar functions in SPSS.</p>
<div id="converting-data-for-survey-analysis" class="section level3 hasAnchor" number="6.2.1">
<h3><span class="header-section-number">6.2.1</span> Converting Data for Survey Analysis<a href="survey-analysis-in-r.html#converting-data-for-survey-analysis" class="anchor-section" aria-label="Anchor link to header"></a></h3>
<p>Before we can analyse the data, we need to define the survey design. This step involves specifying the survey weights, strata, and clusters if applicable.</p>
<p>The <code>svydesign()</code> command creates a survey design object that tells R how your data were sampled, which is crucial for accurate analysis.</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb71"><pre class="sourceCode r"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb71-1"><a href="survey-analysis-in-r.html#cb71-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#Load the survey library</span></span>
<span id="cb71-2"><a href="survey-analysis-in-r.html#cb71-2" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">library</span>(survey)</span>
<span id="cb71-3"><a href="survey-analysis-in-r.html#cb71-3" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb71-4"><a href="survey-analysis-in-r.html#cb71-4" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># Assuming 'weight', 'strata', and 'cluster' are your variables</span></span>
<span id="cb71-5"><a href="survey-analysis-in-r.html#cb71-5" tabindex="-1"></a>survey_design <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="fu">svydesign</span>(</span>
<span id="cb71-6"><a href="survey-analysis-in-r.html#cb71-6" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="at">id =</span> <span class="sc">~</span>cluster,</span>
<span id="cb71-7"><a href="survey-analysis-in-r.html#cb71-7" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="at">strata =</span> <span class="sc">~</span>strata,</span>
<span id="cb71-8"><a href="survey-analysis-in-r.html#cb71-8" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="at">weights =</span> <span class="sc">~</span>weight,</span>
<span id="cb71-9"><a href="survey-analysis-in-r.html#cb71-9" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="at">data =</span> survey_data</span>
<span id="cb71-10"><a href="survey-analysis-in-r.html#cb71-10" tabindex="-1"></a>)</span></code></pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="descriptive-analysis-of-survey-data" class="section level2 hasAnchor" number="6.3">
<h2><span class="header-section-number">6.3</span> Descriptive Analysis of Survey Data<a href="survey-analysis-in-r.html#descriptive-analysis-of-survey-data" class="anchor-section" aria-label="Anchor link to header"></a></h2>
<p>With the survey design object created, you can now perform various descriptive analyses. Descriptive statistics are often the first step in analysing survey data. In SPSS, you might use Frequencies, Descriptives, or Crosstabs commands. In R, these can be replicated using functions from base R or more specialised packages like <code>dplyr</code> or <code>janitor</code>.</p>
<div id="calculating-means-and-totals" class="section level3 hasAnchor" number="6.3.1">
<h3><span class="header-section-number">6.3.1</span> Calculating Means and Totals<a href="survey-analysis-in-r.html#calculating-means-and-totals" class="anchor-section" aria-label="Anchor link to header"></a></h3>
<p>To calculate means, totals, or other statistics, you can use functions from the <code>survey</code> package.</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb72"><pre class="sourceCode r"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb72-1"><a href="survey-analysis-in-r.html#cb72-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># Mean of a variable</span></span>
<span id="cb72-2"><a href="survey-analysis-in-r.html#cb72-2" tabindex="-1"></a>mean_variable_name <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="fu">svymean</span>(<span class="sc">~</span>variable_name, <span class="at">design =</span> survey_design)</span>
<span id="cb72-3"><a href="survey-analysis-in-r.html#cb72-3" tabindex="-1"></a>mean_variable_name</span></code></pre></div>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb73"><pre class="sourceCode r"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb73-1"><a href="survey-analysis-in-r.html#cb73-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># Total population estimate</span></span>
<span id="cb73-2"><a href="survey-analysis-in-r.html#cb73-2" tabindex="-1"></a>total_variable_name<span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="fu">svytotal</span>(<span class="sc">~</span>variable_name, <span class="at">design =</span> survey_design)</span>
<span id="cb73-3"><a href="survey-analysis-in-r.html#cb73-3" tabindex="-1"></a>total_variable_name</span></code></pre></div>
<p>If applicable, these commands will return the weighted mean and total, respectively, adjusting for the survey’s design.</p>
</div>
<div id="frequencies-and-cross-tabulations" class="section level3 hasAnchor" number="6.3.2">
<h3><span class="header-section-number">6.3.2</span> Frequencies and Cross-tabulations<a href="survey-analysis-in-r.html#frequencies-and-cross-tabulations" class="anchor-section" aria-label="Anchor link to header"></a></h3>
<p>Frequencies and cross-tabulations are commonly used in survey analysis to summarise categorical variables. These tables are weighted according to the survey design, providing a more accurate reflection of the population.</p>
<p><strong>Frequencies</strong>
To calculate the frequency of responses to a survey question (categorical variable), you can use the svytable() function. This provides more detailed summary statistics (similar to SPSS’s Frequencies output).</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb74"><pre class="sourceCode r"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb74-1"><a href="survey-analysis-in-r.html#cb74-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># Frequency distribution</span></span>
<span id="cb74-2"><a href="survey-analysis-in-r.html#cb74-2" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">svytable</span>(<span class="sc">~</span>variable_name, <span class="at">design =</span> survey_design)</span></code></pre></div>
<p><strong>Cross-tabulations</strong>
Cross-tabulations are used to examine the relationship between two categorical variables. In SPSS, this is done using the Crosstabs command. In R, you can use the <code>table()</code> function or the <code>janitor</code> package to create cross-tabulations:</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb75"><pre class="sourceCode r"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb75-1"><a href="survey-analysis-in-r.html#cb75-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># Cross-tabulation of two categorical variables</span></span>
<span id="cb75-2"><a href="survey-analysis-in-r.html#cb75-2" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">svytable</span>(<span class="sc">~</span>variable_name_1 <span class="sc">+</span> variable_name_2, <span class="at">design =</span> survey_design)</span></code></pre></div>
<p>For more detailed cross-tabulation (with proportions and totals) you can use the <code>janitor</code> package.</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb76"><pre class="sourceCode r"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb76-1"><a href="survey-analysis-in-r.html#cb76-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># Load the janitor package</span></span>
<span id="cb76-2"><a href="survey-analysis-in-r.html#cb76-2" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">library</span>(janitor)</span>
<span id="cb76-3"><a href="survey-analysis-in-r.html#cb76-3" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb76-4"><a href="survey-analysis-in-r.html#cb76-4" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># Cross-tabulation with janitor</span></span>
<span id="cb76-5"><a href="survey-analysis-in-r.html#cb76-5" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">tabyl</span>(survey_data, variable_name_1, variable_name_2)</span></code></pre></div>
</div>
<div id="comparing-results-with-spss-survey-functions" class="section level3 hasAnchor" number="6.3.3">
<h3><span class="header-section-number">6.3.3</span> Comparing Results with SPSS Survey Functions<a href="survey-analysis-in-r.html#comparing-results-with-spss-survey-functions" class="anchor-section" aria-label="Anchor link to header"></a></h3>
<p>In SPSS, descriptive analysis is often performed using menu-driven commands with various output options. In R, you have more flexibility and control over the analysis and the output, though it may require writing more code. For example, while SPSS may offer a GUI-based approach to creating cross-tabulations with options for row/column percentages, R’s approach provides more control and customisation, often in fewer steps once the user is comfortable with the syntax. But most importantly R ensures that your analysis can be easily reproduced.</p>
<div class="infobox caution">
<p><strong>Exercise!</strong></p>
<p>You have a dataset from a national survey on perceptions of crime. This dataset provides a comprehensive analysis of crime and policing by examining crime types, victim demographics, police responses, community engagement, and socioeconomic factors to understand the respondents crime experiences and perceptions. Download the <a href="data/crime_survey_data.sav">Crime Survey Data (SPSS Format)</a> and perform a descriptive analysis of the data. The steps you need to follow are listed below to help you.</p>
<p><em>Hints:</em></p>
<ol style="list-style-type: decimal">
<li>Load the dataset</li>
<li>Create a survey design object</li>
<li>Create a frequency distribution of the <code>crime_type</code> and <code>gender</code> variable.</li>
<li>Cross-tabulate <code>crime_type</code> by <code>region</code> and <code>gender</code> (separately and together) to see the distribution across different regions and genders.</li>
<li>Create a new variable to categorise satisfaction into high and low satisfaction (above 3 = High, 3 or below = Low).</li>
<li>Update the survey design with the new variable.</li>
<li>Calculate the mean number of community programs by satisfaction level and gender</li>
</ol>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="weighting-survey-data" class="section level2 hasAnchor" number="6.4">
<h2><span class="header-section-number">6.4</span> Weighting Survey Data<a href="survey-analysis-in-r.html#weighting-survey-data" class="anchor-section" aria-label="Anchor link to header"></a></h2>
<p>Weights are crucial in survey analysis to correct for biases introduced by the sampling design.</p>
<div id="applying-weights" class="section level3 hasAnchor" number="6.4.1">
<h3><span class="header-section-number">6.4.1</span> Applying Weights<a href="survey-analysis-in-r.html#applying-weights" class="anchor-section" aria-label="Anchor link to header"></a></h3>
<p>Survey data often includes a weight variable to adjust for the sampling design. This is particularly common in complex surveys where the probability of selection differs among respondents. In SPSS, weights are applied using the Weight Cases function. In R, you can apply weights directly in the survey design phase, as shown earlier. Here’s a reminder:</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb77"><pre class="sourceCode r"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb77-1"><a href="survey-analysis-in-r.html#cb77-1" tabindex="-1"></a>survey_design <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="fu">svydesign</span>(</span>
<span id="cb77-2"><a href="survey-analysis-in-r.html#cb77-2" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="at">id =</span> <span class="sc">~</span>cluster,</span>
<span id="cb77-3"><a href="survey-analysis-in-r.html#cb77-3" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="at">strata =</span> <span class="sc">~</span>strata,</span>
<span id="cb77-4"><a href="survey-analysis-in-r.html#cb77-4" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="at">weights =</span> <span class="sc">~</span>weight,</span>
<span id="cb77-5"><a href="survey-analysis-in-r.html#cb77-5" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="at">data =</span> survey_data</span>
<span id="cb77-6"><a href="survey-analysis-in-r.html#cb77-6" tabindex="-1"></a>)</span></code></pre></div>
</div>
<div id="analysing-weighted-survey-data" class="section level3 hasAnchor" number="6.4.2">
<h3><span class="header-section-number">6.4.2</span> Analysing Weighted Survey Data<a href="survey-analysis-in-r.html#analysing-weighted-survey-data" class="anchor-section" aria-label="Anchor link to header"></a></h3>
<p>Once weights are applied, all the subsequent analyses (means, totals, regressions) will automatically account for these weights, ensuring that your results are representative of the population.</p>
<p>For example, to calculate weighted means or proportions:</p>
<p><strong>Weighted Means</strong></p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb78"><pre class="sourceCode r"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb78-1"><a href="survey-analysis-in-r.html#cb78-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># Weighted mean of a numeric variable</span></span>
<span id="cb78-2"><a href="survey-analysis-in-r.html#cb78-2" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">svymean</span>(<span class="sc">~</span>variable_name, <span class="at">design =</span> svy_design)</span></code></pre></div>
<p><strong>Weighted Proportions</strong></p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb79"><pre class="sourceCode r"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb79-1"><a href="survey-analysis-in-r.html#cb79-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># Weighted proportion for a categorical variable</span></span>
<span id="cb79-2"><a href="survey-analysis-in-r.html#cb79-2" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">svytable</span>(<span class="sc">~</span>variable_name, <span class="at">design =</span> svy_design)</span></code></pre></div>
<p><strong>Weighted Cross-tabulations</strong></p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb80"><pre class="sourceCode r"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb80-1"><a href="survey-analysis-in-r.html#cb80-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># Weighted cross-tabulation</span></span>
<span id="cb80-2"><a href="survey-analysis-in-r.html#cb80-2" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">svytable</span>(<span class="sc">~</span>variable_name_1 <span class="sc">+</span> variable_name_2, <span class="at">design =</span> svy_design)</span></code></pre></div>
<p>These functions ensure that your survey analysis correctly reflects the survey design and weights, providing more accurate estimates and inferences.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="conclusion-5" class="section level2 hasAnchor" number="6.5">
<h2><span class="header-section-number">6.5</span> Conclusion<a href="survey-analysis-in-r.html#conclusion-5" class="anchor-section" aria-label="Anchor link to header"></a></h2>
<p>In this chapter, we explored the basics of survey analysis in R, covering the import of SPSS survey data, applying weights, and performing basic descriptive statistics. The tools and techniques introduced here are powerful, enabling you to transition smoothly from SPSS to R while expanding your analytic capabilities.</p>
<p>For practice, try importing your own survey data, defining the survey design, and performing some of the analyses shown in this chapter. As you become more comfortable with these processes in R, you’ll find it offers greater flexibility and control over your survey analyses than SPSS.</p>
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