[SPARK-43940][SQL] Test the error class: BATCH_METADATA_NOT_FOUND

### Summary
Adds coverage for the missing batch metadata error path.

### Change
`HDFSMetadataLog.applyFnToBatchByStream` now has a focused test that checks `BATCH_METADATA_NOT_FOUND`, the missing batch file parameter, and SQLSTATE `42K03`.

### Tests
`JAVA_HOME=/opt/homebrew/opt/openjdk17 PATH="/opt/homebrew/opt/openjdk17/bin:$PATH" ./build/sbt "sql/testOnly org.apache.spark.sql.errors.QueryExecutionErrorsSuite -- -z SPARK-43940"`

Fixes SPARK-43940

**JIRA assignee for credit:** deepujain

Closes #57926 from deepujain/SPARK-43940-cannot-find-batch-test.

Authored-by: Deepak Jain (DJ) <deepujain@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Uros Bojanic <221401595+uros-b@users.noreply.github.com>

Author: deepujain

sql/core/src/test/scala/org/apache/spark/sql/errors/QueryExecutionErrorsSuite.scala

@@ -48,7 +48,9 @@ import org.apache.spark.sql.execution.datasources.jdbc.connection.ConnectionProv
 import org.apache.spark.sql.execution.datasources.orc.OrcTest
 import org.apache.spark.sql.execution.datasources.parquet.ParquetTest
 import org.apache.spark.sql.execution.datasources.v2.jdbc.JDBCTableCatalog
-import org.apache.spark.sql.execution.streaming.checkpointing.FileSystemBasedCheckpointFileManager
+import org.apache.spark.sql.execution.streaming.checkpointing.{
+  FileSystemBasedCheckpointFileManager,
+  HDFSMetadataLog}
 import org.apache.spark.sql.execution.vectorized.{
   ColumnVectorUtils,
   ConstantColumnVector,
@@ -997,6 +999,22 @@ class QueryExecutionErrorsSuite
     }
   }
 
+  test("SPARK-43940: BATCH_METADATA_NOT_FOUND") {
+    withTempDir { dir =>
+      val metadataLog = new HDFSMetadataLog[String](spark, dir.getAbsolutePath)
+      val e = intercept[SparkFileNotFoundException] {
+        metadataLog.applyFnToBatchByStream(0L) { _ => () }
+      }
+
+      val batchMetadataFile = new Path(dir.getAbsolutePath, "0").toString
+      checkError(
+        exception = e,
+        condition = "BATCH_METADATA_NOT_FOUND",
+        parameters = Map("batchMetadataFile" -> batchMetadataFile),
+        sqlState = "42K03")
+    }
+  }
+
   test("UNSUPPORTED_FEATURE.MULTI_ACTION_ALTER: The target JDBC server hosting table " +
     "does not support ALTER TABLE with multiple actions.") {
     withTempDir { tempDir =>