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<p>Now compare this to how the female applicants distributed themselves. Ranking the departments in terms of the total number of female applicants produces a quite different ordering C>E>D>F><strong>A</strong>><strong>B</strong>. In other words, what these data seem to be suggesting is that the female applicants tended to apply to “harder” departments. And in fact, if we look at <ahref="#fig-fig1-1" class="quarto-xref">Figure <span>1.1</span></a> we see that this trend is systematic, and quite striking.</p>
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<divid="fig-fig1-1" class="quarto-float quarto-figure quarto-figure-left anchored" data-fig-align="left" alt="A scatter plot shows the percentage of female applicants (x-axis) versus the admission rate for both genders (y-axis). Blue circles of varying sizes and grey plus signs represent data points. A downward trend line indicates a negative correlation between the variables.">
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<divid="fig-fig1-1" class="quarto-float quarto-figure quarto-figure-left anchored" alt="A scatter plot shows the percentage of female applicants (x-axis) versus the admission rate for both genders (y-axis). Blue circles of varying sizes and grey plus signs represent data points. A downward trend line indicates a negative correlation between the variables." data-fig-align="left">
<imgsrc="01-Why-do-we-learn-statistics_files/figure-html/fig-fig1-1-1.png" class="img-fluid quarto-figure quarto-figure-left figure-img" style="width:85.0%" alt="A scatter plot shows the percentage of female applicants (x-axis) versus the admission rate for both genders (y-axis). Blue circles of varying sizes and grey plus signs represent data points. A downward trend line indicates a negative correlation between the variables.">
<p>One way or another, regardless of what operating system you’re using, it’s time to open jamovi and get started. When first starting jamovi you will be presented with a user interface which looks something like <ahref="#fig-fig3-1" class="quarto-xref">Figure <span>3.1</span></a>.</p>
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<divid="fig-fig3-1" class="quarto-float quarto-figure quarto-figure-left anchored" data-fig-align="left" alt="A screenshot of the jamovi interface. The window is segmented into a left pane with a spreadsheet and a right pane currently blank. The top menu bar includes options for Variables, Data, Analyses, and Edit. Various statistical analysis tools are shown.">
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<divid="fig-fig3-1" class="quarto-float quarto-figure quarto-figure-left anchored" alt="A screenshot of the jamovi interface. The window is segmented into a left pane with a spreadsheet and a right pane currently blank. The top menu bar includes options for Variables, Data, Analyses, and Edit. Various statistical analysis tools are shown." data-fig-align="left">
<imgsrc="images/fig3-1.png" class="img-fluid quarto-figure quarto-figure-left figure-img" style="width:100.0%" alt="A screenshot of the jamovi interface. The window is segmented into a left pane with a spreadsheet and a right pane currently blank. The top menu bar includes options for Variables, Data, Analyses, and Edit. Various statistical analysis tools are shown.">
<p>The most commonly used variables in jamovi are ‘Data variables’, these variables simply contain data either loaded from a data file, or ‘typed in’ by the user. Data variables can be one of several measurement levels (<ahref="#fig-fig3-2" class="quarto-xref">Figure <span>3.2</span></a>).</p>
<divid="fig-fig3-2" class="quarto-float quarto-figure quarto-figure-left anchored" data-fig-align="left" alt="The jamovi interface for defining a data variable with options for measure type and data type. The measure type "Nominal" is selected, with other options being Ordinal, Continuous, and ID. The data type is set to "Integer". A level section is on the right.">
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<divid="fig-fig3-2" class="quarto-float quarto-figure quarto-figure-left anchored" alt="The jamovi interface for defining a data variable with options for measure type and data type. The measure type "Nominal" is selected, with other options being Ordinal, Continuous, and ID. The data type is set to "Integer". A level section is on the right." data-fig-align="left">
<imgsrc="images/fig3-2.png" class="img-fluid quarto-figure quarto-figure-left figure-img" style="width:100.0%" alt="The jamovi interface for defining a data variable with options for measure type and data type. The measure type "Nominal" is selected, with other options being Ordinal, Continuous, and ID. The data type is set to "Integer". A level section is on the right.">
<p>In order, these are the sum of A and B, a log (base 10) transform of len, the mean of A and B, and the <em>z</em>-score of the variable len.<ahref="#fn5" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref5" role="doc-noteref"><sup>5</sup></a><ahref="#fig-fig3-3" class="quarto-xref">Figure <span>3.3</span></a> shows the jamovi screen for the new variable computed as the <em>z</em>-score of len (from the ‘Tooth Growth’ example data set).</p>
<divid="fig-fig3-3" class="quarto-float quarto-figure quarto-figure-left anchored" data-fig-align="left" alt="An image of the jamovi interface displaying a data analysis workspace. There is a formula editor for a computed variable "Zscore-len" at the top, and below it, a data table showing columns for "len," "supp," and "dose" with various data entries.">
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<divid="fig-fig3-3" class="quarto-float quarto-figure quarto-figure-left anchored" alt="An image of the jamovi interface displaying a data analysis workspace. There is a formula editor for a computed variable "Zscore-len" at the top, and below it, a data table showing columns for "len," "supp," and "dose" with various data entries." data-fig-align="left">
<imgsrc="images/fig3-3.png" class="img-fluid quarto-figure quarto-figure-left figure-img" style="width:100.0%" alt="An image of the jamovi interface displaying a data analysis workspace. There is a formula editor for a computed variable "Zscore-len" at the top, and below it, a data table showing columns for "len," "supp," and "dose" with various data entries.">
<p>One quite commonly used data format is the humble “comma separated value” file, also called a csv file, and usually bearing the file extension .csv. csv files are just plain old-fashioned text files and what they store is basically just a table of data. This is illustrated in <ahref="#fig-fig3-4" class="quarto-xref">Figure <span>3.4</span></a>, which shows a file called <em>booksales.csv</em> that I’ve created. As you can see, each row represents the book sales data for one month. The first row doesn’t contain actual data though, it has the names of the variables.</p>
<divid="fig-fig3-4" class="quarto-float quarto-figure quarto-figure-left anchored" data-fig-align="left" alt="A screenshot shows a csv file in a spreadsheet and a text editor. The spreadsheet contains columns for Month, Days, Sales, and Stock Levels, while the CSV file lists the same data in a comma-separated format.">
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<divid="fig-fig3-4" class="quarto-float quarto-figure quarto-figure-left anchored" alt="A screenshot shows a csv file in a spreadsheet and a text editor. The spreadsheet contains columns for Month, Days, Sales, and Stock Levels, while the CSV file lists the same data in a comma-separated format." data-fig-align="left">
<imgsrc="images/fig3-4.png" class="img-fluid quarto-figure quarto-figure-left figure-img" style="width:90.0%" alt="A screenshot shows a csv file in a spreadsheet and a text editor. The spreadsheet contains columns for Month, Days, Sales, and Stock Levels, while the CSV file lists the same data in a comma-separated format.">
<p>It’s easy to open csv files in jamovi. From the top left menu (the button with three parallel lines) choose ‘Open’ and browse to where you have stored the csv file on your computer. If you’re on a Mac, it’ll look like the usual Finder window that you use to choose a file; on Windows it looks like an Explorer window. An example of what it looks like on a Mac is shown in <ahref="#fig-fig3-5" class="quarto-xref">Figure <span>3.5</span></a>. I’m assuming that you’re familiar with your own computer, so you should have no problem finding the csv file that you want to import! Find the one you want, then click on the ‘Open’ button.</p>
<divid="fig-fig3-5" class="quarto-float quarto-figure quarto-figure-left anchored" data-fig-align="left" alt="A computer screen displaying a file explorer window. The highlighted file is 'booksales.csv', and its details are shown on the right, including size, date created, and date modified.">
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<divid="fig-fig3-5" class="quarto-float quarto-figure quarto-figure-left anchored" alt="A computer screen displaying a file explorer window. The highlighted file is 'booksales.csv', and its details are shown on the right, including size, date created, and date modified." data-fig-align="left">
<imgsrc="images/fig3-5.png" class="img-fluid quarto-figure quarto-figure-left figure-img" style="width:90.0%" alt="A computer screen displaying a file explorer window. The highlighted file is 'booksales.csv', and its details are shown on the right, including size, date created, and date modified.">
<p>To install add-on modules, just click on the large <spanclass="math inline">\(+\)</span> in the top right of the jamovi window, select “jamovi-library” and then browse through the various add-on modules that are available. Choose the one(s) you want, and then install them, as in <ahref="#fig-fig3-6" class="quarto-xref">Figure <span>3.6</span></a>. It’s that easy. The newly installed modules can then be accessed from the “Analyses” button bar. Try it…useful add-on modules to install include “scatr” (added under “Descriptives”), <spanclass="math inline">\(R_j\)</span> and <strong>of course</strong> the data files for this book: “lsj-data”.</p>
<divid="fig-fig3-6" class="quarto-float quarto-figure quarto-figure-left anchored" data-fig-align="left" alt="A screenshot of the jamovi software interface is shown. The "Modules" tab is selected, displaying a list of some available modules, including scatr and lsj-data, and jpower. Descriptions and installation statuses for each module are provided, along with buttons to update or install them.">
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<divid="fig-fig3-6" class="quarto-float quarto-figure quarto-figure-left anchored" alt="A screenshot of the jamovi software interface is shown. The "Modules" tab is selected, displaying a list of some available modules, including scatr and lsj-data, and jpower. Descriptions and installation statuses for each module are provided, along with buttons to update or install them." data-fig-align="left">
<imgsrc="images/fig3-6.png" class="img-fluid quarto-figure quarto-figure-left figure-img" style="width:100.0%" alt="A screenshot of the jamovi software interface is shown. The "Modules" tab is selected, displaying a list of some available modules, including scatr and lsj-data, and jpower. Descriptions and installation statuses for each module are provided, along with buttons to update or install them.">
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