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1 | 1 | { |
2 | 2 | "figures": [ |
3 | | - { |
4 | | - "name": "Leibniz", |
5 | | - "description": "", |
6 | | - "bio_fr": "Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, parfois francisé en Godefroid-Guillaume Leibniz, né à Leipzig le 1er juillet 1646 et mort à Hanovre le 14 novembre 1716, est un philosophe, scientifique, mathématicien, logicien, diplomate, juriste, historien, bibliothécaire et philologue allemand. Esprit polymathe, personnalité importante de la période Frühaufklärung, il occupe une place primordiale dans l'histoire de la philosophie en Occident et l'histoire des sciences et est parfois considéré comme le dernier « génie universel ».", |
7 | | - "bio_en": "Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz was a German polymath active as a mathematician, philosopher, scientist, and diplomat who is credited, alongside Isaac Newton, with the creation of calculus in addition to many other branches of mathematics, such as binary arithmetic and statistics. Leibniz has been called the \"last universal genius\" due to his vast expertise across fields, which became a rarity after his lifetime with the coming of the Industrial Revolution and the spread of specialized labour. He is a prominent figure in both the history of philosophy and the history of mathematics. He wrote works on philosophy, theology, ethics, politics, law, history, philology, games, music, economics and other studies. Leibniz also made major contributions to physics and technology, and anticipated notions that surfaced much later in probability theory, biology, medicine, geology, psychology, linguistics and computer science.", |
8 | | - "image_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Gottfried_Wilhelm_von_Leibniz.jpg", |
9 | | - "facts_fr": [], |
10 | | - "facts_en": [] |
11 | | - }, |
12 | | - { |
13 | | - "name": "Euler", |
14 | | - "description": "", |
15 | | - "bio_fr": "Leonhard Euler, né le 15 avril 1707 à Bâle (Suisse) et mort le 7 septembre 1783 à Saint-Pétersbourg, est un mathématicien et physicien suisse, qui passa la plus grande partie de sa vie dans l'Empire russe et en Allemagne. Il était notamment membre de l'Académie royale des sciences de Prusse à Berlin.", |
16 | | - "bio_en": "Leonhard Euler was a Swiss polymath who was active as a mathematician, physicist, astronomer, logician, geographer, music theorist and engineer. He founded the studies of graph theory and topology and made influential discoveries in many other branches of mathematics, such as analytic number theory, complex analysis, and infinitesimal calculus. He also introduced much of modern mathematical terminology and notation, including the notion of a mathematical function. He is known for his work in mechanics, fluid dynamics, optics, astronomy, and music theory. Euler has been called a \"universal genius\" who \"was fully equipped with almost unlimited powers of imagination, intellectual gifts and extraordinary memory\". He spent most of his adult life in Saint Petersburg, Russia, and in Berlin, then the capital of Prussia.", |
17 | | - "image_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Leonhard_Euler_2.jpg/330px-Leonhard_Euler_2.jpg", |
18 | | - "facts_fr": [], |
19 | | - "facts_en": [] |
20 | | - }, |
21 | | - { |
22 | | - "name": "Maxwell", |
23 | | - "description": "", |
24 | | - "bio_fr": "James Clerk Maxwell, né le 13 juin 1831 à Édimbourg et mort le 5 novembre 1879 à Cambridge, est un physicien et mathématicien écossais. Il est principalement connu pour avoir unifié en un seul ensemble d'équations, les équations de Maxwell, l'électricité, le magnétisme et l'induction, en incluant une importante modification du théorème d'Ampère. Ce fut à l'époque le modèle le plus unifié de l'électromagnétisme. Il est également célèbre pour avoir interprété, dans un article scientifique, la lumière comme étant un phénomène électromagnétique en s'appuyant sur les travaux de Michael Faraday. Il a notamment démontré que les champs électriques et magnétiques se propagent dans l'espace sous la forme d'une onde et à la vitesse de la lumière.", |
25 | | - "bio_en": "James Clerk Maxwell was a Scottish physicist and mathematician who was responsible for the classical theory of electromagnetic radiation, which was the first theory to describe electricity, magnetism and light as different manifestations of the same phenomenon. Maxwell's equations for electromagnetism achieved the second great unification in physics, where the first one had been realised by Isaac Newton. Maxwell was also key in the creation of statistical mechanics.", |
26 | | - "image_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/James-Clerk-Maxwell-1831-1879.jpg/330px-James-Clerk-Maxwell-1831-1879.jpg", |
27 | | - "facts_fr": [], |
28 | | - "facts_en": [] |
29 | | - }, |
30 | | - { |
31 | | - "name": "Gauss", |
32 | | - "description": "", |
33 | | - "bio_fr": "Johann Carl Friedrich Gauß, né le 30 avril 1777 à Brunswick et mort le 23 février 1855 à Göttingen, est un mathématicien, astronome et physicien allemand. Il a apporté de très importantes contributions à ces trois domaines. Surnommé « le prince des mathématiciens », il est considéré comme l'un des plus grands mathématiciens de tous les temps.", |
34 | | - "bio_en": "Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss was a German mathematician, astronomer, geodesist, and physicist, who contributed to many fields in mathematics and science. His mathematical contributions spanned the branches of number theory, algebra, analysis, geometry, statistics, and probability. Gauss was director of the Göttingen Observatory in Germany and professor of astronomy from 1807 until his death in 1855.", |
35 | | - "image_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss.jpg/330px-Carl_Friedrich_Gauss.jpg", |
36 | | - "facts_fr": [], |
37 | | - "facts_en": [] |
38 | | - }, |
39 | | - { |
40 | | - "name": "Niels Bohr", |
41 | | - "description": "", |
42 | | - "bio_fr": "Niels Henrik David Bohr est un physicien danois. Il est surtout connu pour son apport à l'édification de la mécanique quantique, pour lequel il a reçu de nombreux honneurs. Il est notamment lauréat du prix Nobel de physique de 1922.", |
43 | | - "bio_en": "Niels Henrik David Bohr was a Danish theoretical physicist who made foundational contributions to understanding atomic structure and quantum theory, for which he received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1922. He was also a philosopher and a promoter of scientific research.", |
44 | | - "image_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Niels_Bohr.jpg/330px-Niels_Bohr.jpg", |
45 | | - "facts_fr": [], |
46 | | - "facts_en": [] |
47 | | - }, |
48 | | - { |
49 | | - "name": "Heisenberg", |
50 | | - "description": "", |
51 | | - "bio_fr": "Werner Heisenberg, né le 5 décembre 1901 à Wurtzbourg et mort le 1er février 1976 à Munich, est un physicien allemand qui est l'un des fondateurs de la mécanique quantique, notamment en mettant en évidence le principe d'incertitude et en développant la formulation probabiliste de la fonction d'onde.", |
52 | | - "bio_en": "Werner Karl Heisenberg was a German theoretical physicist, one of the main pioneers of the theory of quantum mechanics and a principal scientist in the German nuclear program during World War II.", |
53 | | - "image_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Bundesarchiv_Bild183-R57262%2C_Werner_Heisenberg.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild183-R57262%2C_Werner_Heisenberg.jpg", |
54 | | - "facts_fr": [], |
55 | | - "facts_en": [] |
56 | | - }, |
57 | | - { |
58 | | - "name": "Lamarck", |
59 | | - "description": "", |
60 | | - "bio_fr": "Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck, ou Jean-Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet, chevalier de La Marck, est un naturaliste français, né le 1er août 1744 à Bazentin, France, et mort le 18 décembre 1829 à Paris. D'abord botaniste, il se consacre ensuite à la zoologie des insectes et des vers. Au début du XIXe siècle, il réalise la classification des invertébrés, qui regroupent environ 80 % des animaux. Il est le premier qui utilise le terme de « biologie » pour désigner la science qui étudie les êtres vivants.", |
61 | | - "bio_en": "Jean-Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet, chevalier de Lamarck, often known simply as Lamarck, was a French naturalist, biologist, academic, and soldier. He was an early proponent of the idea that biological evolution occurred and proceeded in accordance with natural laws, though the mechanism he suggested has been refuted at large.", |
62 | | - "image_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Jean-Baptiste_de_Lamarck.jpg/330px-Jean-Baptiste_de_Lamarck.jpg", |
63 | | - "facts_fr": [], |
64 | | - "facts_en": [] |
65 | | - }, |
66 | | - { |
67 | | - "name": "Linné", |
68 | | - "description": "", |
69 | | - "bio_fr": "Carl Linnæus, puis Carl von Linné après son anoblissement, est un naturaliste suédois né le 23 mai 1707 à Råshult et mort le 10 janvier 1778 à Uppsala qui a posé les bases du système moderne de la nomenclature binominale. Considérant que la connaissance scientifique nécessite de nommer les choses, il a répertorié, nommé et classé, systématiquement, l'essentiel des espèces vivantes connues à son époque, en s'appuyant sur ses observations, ainsi que sur celles de son réseau de correspondants.", |
70 | | - "bio_en": "Carl Linnaeus, also known after ennoblement in 1761 as Carl von Linné, was a Swedish biologist and physician who formalised binomial nomenclature, the modern system of naming organisms. He is known as the \"father of modern taxonomy\". Many of his writings were in Latin; his name is rendered in Latin as Carolus Linnæus and, after his 1761 ennoblement, as Carolus a Linné.", |
71 | | - "image_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9.jpg/330px-Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9.jpg", |
72 | | - "facts_fr": [], |
73 | | - "facts_en": [] |
74 | | - }, |
75 | | - { |
76 | | - "name": "Humboldt", |
77 | | - "description": "", |
78 | | - "bio_fr": "Alexander von Humboldt, parfois aussi nommé Alexandre de Humboldt ou Friedrich Karl Wilhelm Heinrich Alexander, baron von Humboldt, est un naturaliste, géographe et explorateur prussien né le 14 septembre 1769 à Berlin et mort le 6 mai 1859 dans cette même ville.", |
79 | | - "bio_en": "Friedrich Wilhelm Heinrich Alexander von Humboldt was a German polymath, geographer, naturalist, explorer, and proponent of Romantic philosophy and science. He was the younger brother of the Prussian minister, philosopher, and linguist Wilhelm von Humboldt (1767–1835). Humboldt's quantitative work on botanical geography laid the foundation for the field of biogeography, while his advocacy of long-term systematic geophysical measurement pioneered modern geomagnetic and meteorological monitoring. Humboldt and Carl Ritter are both regarded as the founders of modern geography as they established it as an independent scientific discipline.", |
80 | | - "image_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f3/AvHumboldt.jpg", |
81 | | - "facts_fr": [], |
82 | | - "facts_en": [] |
83 | | - }, |
84 | | - { |
85 | | - "name": "Von Neumann", |
86 | | - "description": "", |
87 | | - "bio_fr": "John von Neumann, né le 28 décembre 1903 à Budapest et mort le 8 février 1957 à Washington, est un polymathe, logicien, mathématicien et physicien américano-hongrois. Il a apporté d'importantes contributions en mécanique quantique, en analyse fonctionnelle, en logique mathématique, en logique quantique, en informatique théorique, en sciences économiques et dans beaucoup d'autres domaines des mathématiques, de la physique et de l'économie comportementale.", |
88 | | - "bio_en": "John von Neumann was a Hungarian and American mathematician, physicist, computer scientist and engineer. Von Neumann had perhaps the widest coverage of any mathematician of his time, integrating pure and applied sciences and making major contributions to many fields, including mathematics, physics, economics, computing, and statistics. He was a pioneer in building the mathematical framework of quantum physics, in the development of functional analysis, and in game theory, introducing or codifying concepts including cellular automata, the universal constructor and the digital computer. His analysis of the structure of self-replication preceded the discovery of the structure of DNA.", |
89 | | - "image_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/JohnvonNeumann-LosAlamos.jpg/330px-JohnvonNeumann-LosAlamos.jpg", |
90 | | - "facts_fr": [], |
91 | | - "facts_en": [] |
92 | | - }, |
93 | 3 | { |
94 | 4 | "name": "Titien", |
95 | 5 | "description": "", |
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