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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
<html lang="en">
<head>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" media="screen, print" href="gri.css" />
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" media="print" href="print.css" />
<link rev="made" href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org">
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" />
<meta http-equiv="Resource-Type" content="document" />
<meta http-equiv="Distribution" content="global" />
<meta http-equiv="Generator" content="Linux, Emacs and me" />
<meta http-equiv="Copyright" content="Kevin Cole, 2002" />
<meta name="generator" content="Linux, Emacs and me" />
<meta name="author" content="Kevin Cole, RHCE" />
<meta name="creation_date" content="Thu. 19 Feb 2002 11:53:32 EST" />
<meta name="description" content="Copyright notice" />
<meta name="keywords" content="copyright, copyleft, GNU, GPL, FDL,
Free Documentation License, FSF, Free Software Foundation" />
<title>GNU Free Documentation License - GNU Project -
Free Software Foundation (FSF)</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>GNU Free Documentation License</h1>
<a href="http://www.gnu.org/graphics/philosophicalgnu.html"><img src="gnu.jpg"
alt=" [image of a Philosophical Gnu] " width="160" height="200" /></a>
<hr />
<h2>GNU Free Documentation License</h2>
<p>Version 1.1, March 2000</p>
<p><pre>Copyright (C) 2000 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA
Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
</pre></p>
<p><strong>0. PREAMBLE</strong></p>
<p>The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other
written document "free" in the sense of freedom: to assure everyone the
effective freedom to copy and redistribute it, with or without modifying
it, either commercially or noncommercially. Secondarily, this License
preserves for the author and publisher a way to get credit for their work,
while not being considered responsible for modifications made by
others.</p>
<p>This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that derivative works
of the document must themselves be free in the same sense. It complements
the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft license designed for
free software.</p>
<p>We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free
software, because free software needs free documentation: a free program
should come with manuals providing the same freedoms that the software
does. But this License is not limited to software manuals; it can be used
for any textual work, regardless of subject matter or whether it is
published as a printed book. We recommend this License principally for
works whose purpose is instruction or reference.</p>
<p><strong>1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS</strong></p>
<p>This License applies to any manual or other work that contains a notice
placed by the copyright holder saying it can be distributed under the
terms of this License. The "Document", below, refers to any such manual
or work. Any member of the public is a licensee, and is addressed as
"you".</p>
<p>A "Modified Version" of the Document means any work containing the
Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with modifications
and/or translated into another language.</p>
<p>A "Secondary Section" is a named appendix or a front-matter section of
the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the
publishers or authors of the Document to the Document's overall subject
(or to related matters) and contains nothing that could fall directly
within that overall subject. (For example, if the Document is in part a
textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not explain any
mathematics.) The relationship could be a matter of historical connection
with the subject or with related matters, or of legal, commercial,
philosophical, ethical or political position regarding them.</p>
<p>The "Invariant Sections" are certain Secondary Sections whose titles
are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in the notice that
says that the Document is released under this License.</p>
<p>The "Cover Texts" are certain short passages of text that are listed,
as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice that says that the
Document is released under this License.</p>
<p>A "Transparent" copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy,
represented in a format whose specification is available to the general
public, whose contents can be viewed and edited directly and
straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images composed of
pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some widely available
drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to text formatters or for
automatic translation to a variety of formats suitable for input to text
formatters. A copy made in an otherwise Transparent file format whose
markup has been designed to thwart or discourage subsequent modification
by readers is not Transparent. A copy that is not "Transparent" is called
"Opaque".</p>
<p>Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain ASCII
without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input format, SGML or XML
using a publicly available DTD, and standard-conforming simple HTML
designed for human modification. Opaque formats include PostScript, PDF,
proprietary formats that can be read and edited only by proprietary word
processors, SGML or XML for which the DTD and/or processing tools are not
generally available, and the machine-generated HTML produced by some word
processors for output purposes only.</p>
<p>The "Title Page" means, for a printed book, the title page itself, plus
such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the material this
License requires to appear in the title page. For works in formats which
do not have any title page as such, "Title Page" means the text near the
most prominent appearance of the work's title, preceding the beginning of
the body of the text.</p>
<p><strong>2. VERBATIM COPYING</strong></p>
<p>You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either
commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the copyright
notices, and the license notice saying this License applies to the
Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you add no other
conditions whatsoever to those of this License. You may not use technical
measures to obstruct or control the reading or further copying of the
copies you make or distribute. However, you may accept compensation in
exchange for copies. If you distribute a large enough number of copies
you must also follow the conditions in section 3.</p>
<p>You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, and
you may publicly display copies.</p>
<p> <strong>3. COPYING IN QUANTITY</strong></p>
<p>If you publish printed copies of the Document numbering more than 100,
and the Document's license notice requires Cover Texts, you must enclose
the copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all these Cover
Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and Back-Cover Texts on the
back cover. Both covers must also clearly and legibly identify you as the
publisher of these copies. The front cover must present the full title
with all words of the title equally prominent and visible. You may add
other material on the covers in addition. Copying with changes limited to
the covers, as long as they preserve the title of the Document and satisfy
these conditions, can be treated as verbatim copying in other
respects.</p>
<p>If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit
legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit reasonably)
on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto adjacent pages.</p>
<p>If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering
more than 100, you must either include a machine-readable Transparent copy
along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with each Opaque copy a
publicly-accessible computer-network location containing a complete
Transparent copy of the Document, free of added material, which the
general network-using public has access to download anonymously at no
charge using public-standard network protocols. If you use the latter
option, you must take reasonably prudent steps, when you begin
distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure that this Transparent
copy will remain thus accessible at the stated location until at least one
year after the last time you distribute an Opaque copy (directly or
through your agents or retailers) of that edition to the public.</p>
<p>It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the
Document well before redistributing any large number of copies, to give
them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the Document.</p>
<p> <strong>4. MODIFICATIONS</strong></p>
<p>You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under
the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you release the
Modified Version under precisely this License, with the Modified Version
filling the role of the Document, thus licensing distribution and
modification of the Modified Version to whoever possesses a copy of it.
In addition, you must do these things in the Modified Version:</p>
<p><ul>
<li><strong>A.</strong> Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if
any) a title distinct from that of the Document, and from those of
previous versions (which should, if there were any, be listed in the
History section of the Document). You may use the same title as a
previous version if the original publisher of that version gives
permission.</li>
<li><strong>B.</strong> List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more
persons or entities responsible for authorship of the modifications
in the Modified Version, together with at least five of the
principal authors of the Document (all of its principal authors, if
it has less than five).</li>
<li><strong>C.</strong> State on the Title page the name of the
publisher of the Modified Version, as the publisher.</li>
<li><strong>D.</strong> Preserve all the copyright notices of the
Document.</li>
<li><strong>E.</strong> Add an appropriate copyright notice for your
modifications adjacent to the other copyright notices.</li>
<li><strong>F.</strong> Include, immediately after the copyright
notices, a license notice giving the public permission to use the
Modified Version under the terms of this License, in the form shown
in the Addendum below.</li>
<li><strong>G.</strong> Preserve in that license notice the full lists
of Invariant Sections and required Cover Texts given in the
Document's license notice.</li>
<li><strong>H.</strong> Include an unaltered copy of this License.</li>
<li><strong>I.</strong> Preserve the section entitled "History", and its
title, and add to it an item stating at least the title, year, new
authors, and publisher of the Modified Version as given on the Title
Page. If there is no section entitled "History" in the Document,
create one stating the title, year, authors, and publisher of the
Document as given on its Title Page, then add an item describing the
Modified Version as stated in the previous sentence.</li>
<li><strong>J.</strong> Preserve the network location, if any, given in
the Document for public access to a Transparent copy of the
Document, and likewise the network locations given in the Document
for previous versions it was based on. These may be placed in the
"History" section. You may omit a network location for a work that
was published at least four years before the Document itself, or if
the original publisher of the version it refers to gives
permission.</li>
<li><strong>K.</strong> In any section entitled "Acknowledgements" or
"Dedications", preserve the section's title, and preserve in the
section all the substance and tone of each of the contributor
acknowledgements and/or dedications given therein.</li>
<li><strong>L.</strong> Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the
Document, unaltered in their text and in their titles. Section
numbers or the equivalent are not considered part of the section
titles.</li>
<li><strong>M.</strong> Delete any section entitled "Endorsements".
Such a section may not be included in the Modified Version.</li>
<li><strong>N.</strong> Do not retitle any existing section as
"Endorsements" or to conflict in title with any Invariant
Section.</li>
</ul></p>
<p>If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or
appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no material
copied from the Document, you may at your option designate some or all of
these sections as invariant. To do this, add their titles to the list of
Invariant Sections in the Modified Version's license notice. These titles
must be distinct from any other section titles.</p>
<p>You may add a section entitled "Endorsements", provided it contains
nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various parties--for
example, statements of peer review or that the text has been approved by
an organization as the authoritative definition of a standard.</p>
<p>You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and a
passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list of
Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one passage of Front-Cover Text
and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or through arrangements made
by) any one entity. If the Document already includes a cover text for the
same cover, previously added by you or by arrangement made by the same
entity you are acting on behalf of, you may not add another; but you may
replace the old one, on explicit permission from the previous publisher
that added the old one.</p>
<p>The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License
give permission to use their names for publicity for or to assert or imply
endorsement of any Modified Version.</p>
<p> <strong>5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS</strong></p>
<p>You may combine the Document with other documents released under this
License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for modified versions,
provided that you include in the combination all of the Invariant Sections
of all of the original documents, unmodified, and list them all as
Invariant Sections of your combined work in its license notice.</p>
<p>The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and
multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single copy.
If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but different
contents, make the title of each such section unique by adding at the end
of it, in parentheses, the name of the original author or publisher of
that section if known, or else a unique number. Make the same adjustment
to the section titles in the list of Invariant Sections in the license
notice of the combined work.</p>
<p>In the combination, you must combine any sections entitled "History" in
the various original documents, forming one section entitled "History";
likewise combine any sections entitled "Acknowledgements", and any
sections entitled "Dedications". You must delete all sections entitled
"Endorsements."</p>
<p> <strong>6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS</strong></p>
<p>You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other
documents released under this License, and replace the individual copies
of this License in the various documents with a single copy that is
included in the collection, provided that you follow the rules of this
License for verbatim copying of each of the documents in all other
respects.</p>
<p>You may extract a single document from such a collection, and
distribute it individually under this License, provided you insert a copy
of this License into the extracted document, and follow this License in
all other respects regarding verbatim copying of that document.</p>
<p> <strong>7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS</strong></p>
<p>A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate
and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or
distribution medium, does not as a whole count as a Modified Version of
the Document, provided no compilation copyright is claimed for the
compilation. Such a compilation is called an "aggregate", and this
License does not apply to the other self-contained works thus compiled
with the Document, on account of their being thus compiled, if they are
not themselves derivative works of the Document.</p>
<p>If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these
copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one quarter of
the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed on covers
that surround only the Document within the aggregate. Otherwise they must
appear on covers around the whole aggregate.</p>
<p> <strong>8. TRANSLATION</strong></p>
<p>Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may distribute
translations of the Document under the terms of section 4. Replacing
Invariant Sections with translations requires special permission from
their copyright holders, but you may include translations of some or all
Invariant Sections in addition to the original versions of these Invariant
Sections. You may include a translation of this License provided that you
also include the original English version of this License. In case of a
disagreement between the translation and the original English version of
this License, the original English version will prevail.</p>
<p> <strong>9. TERMINATION</strong></p>
<p>You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document except
as expressly provided for under this License. Any other attempt to copy,
modify, sublicense or distribute the Document is void, and will
automatically terminate your rights under this License. However, parties
who have received copies, or rights, from you under this License will not
have their licenses terminated so long as such parties remain in full
compliance.</p>
<p> <strong>10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE</strong></p>
<p>The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of the
GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new versions will
be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to
address new problems or concerns. See http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/.</p>
<p>Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number.
If the Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this
License "or any later version" applies to it, you have the option of
following the terms and conditions either of that specified version or of
any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by the Free
Software Foundation. If the Document does not specify a version number of
this License, you may choose any version ever published (not as a draft)
by the Free Software Foundation.</p>
<hr />
<p>Go to <a href="http://www.gnu.org/home.html">GNU's home page</a>.</p>
<p>FSF & GNU inquiries & questions to
<a href="mailto:gnu@gnu.org"><em>gnu@gnu.org</em></a>.
Other <a href="http://www.gnu.org/home.html#ContactInfo">ways to
contact</a> the FSF.</p>
<p>The original source for this document can be found at
<a href="http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html">http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html</a>
Send questions regarding the FDL to
<a href="mailto:gnu@gnu.org"><em>gnu@gnu.org</em></a>.</p>
<p>Copyright notice above.<br />
Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111, USA</p>
</body>
</html>