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<!doctype html> <html lang="en">
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<title>Duke lecture 2023</title>
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<meta name="author" content="Helena Mitasova">
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<body>
<div class="reveal">
<!-- Any section element inside of this container is displayed as a slide -->
<div class="slides">
<section>
<!--<h4 style="color: #707070">AAS 2018</h4>-->
<h2 style="margin-top: 0.0em;color: #000"> Dynamic Surfaces and Geospatial Processes </h2>
<p>
<h4 style="color: #707070">Helena Mitasova and Geoforall Lab team:</h4>
<p><small>A.Petrasova, V. Petras, B.Harmon, P.Tabrizian, J. Jeziorska</small>
<p><img src="img/cgaBlack.png" height="40"> <img src="img/4x1white.jpg" height="25">
</section>
<section>
<h2>From observations to tangible interaction </h2>
<ul>
<li class="fragment">multitemporal elevation observations
<li class="fragment">modeling surface processes
<li class="fragment">beyond bare ground
<li class="fragment">Tangible Landscape
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Modeling and analysis of surfaces from multitemporal observations</h2>
<p>Application to Jockey's Ridge State Park</p>
</section>
<section>
<h3>Jockey's Ridge sand dunes</h3>
<ul>
<li> Largest active dunes on the East coast, state park with static boundaries
<li> Management challenges: wind blowrsn sand outside the park, covering structures and roads, dune lost elevation
<li> Quantification of changes and migration rates was needed
</ul>
<br>
<img height="350" src="img/surfaces/NHstudyarea_geoinf09c.jpg">
<img height="350" src="img/surfaces/JR_parkboundary.jpg">
<br><small><a href="https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/cog/tme/2013/00000009/f0020003/art00004">Mitas, O. et al. 2014, Managing Dune Landscape Changes at Jockey's Ridge State Park, North Carolina, Tourism in Marine Environments 9(3-4), pp. 155-167.</a></small>
</section>
<section>
<h3>From digitized contours to lidar point clouds</h3>
Lidar technology transformed topography mapping in 21st century
<p><img height="400" src="img/surfaces/digitized_cont2d_jr1999zoom.png">
<img height="400" src="img/surfaces/pointcloud2d_jr2009zoom.png">
</section>
<section>
<h3>Coastal multitemporal elevation data</h3>
<ul>
<li>photogrammetry: 1974, 1995, 1998
<li>lidar: 1999,2001,2007,2008,2009,2012,2014,2015 (7/2018,10/2018)
<li>structure from motion from UAS imagery: 2016,2017
</ul>
<br>
<img height="145" src="img/surfaces/points_1974.png">
<img height="145" src="img/surfaces/points_1998.png">
<img height="145" src="img/surfaces/points_1999.png">
<br>1974
1998 1999
<br>
<img height="145" src="img/surfaces/points_2001.png">
<img height="145" src="img/surfaces/points_2009.png">
<img height="145" src="img/surfaces/points_2015.png">
<br>2001
2009 2015
<br><small> <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/3/1593">
Petras et al., 2023, Point density variations in airborne lidar point clouds, Sensors 23(3), 1593.</a> </small></p>
</section>
<section>
<h3>Point cloud to DEM: binning</h3>
Jockey's Ridge dunes 1999 point cloud, binned at 1m resolution
<p><img height="440" src="img/surfaces/lidstorast1m.jpg">
</section>
<section>
<h3>Point cloud to DEM: binning</h3>
Jockey's Ridge dunes 1999 point cloud, binned at 3m resolution
<p><img height="440" src="img/surfaces/lidstorast.jpg">
</section>
<section>
<h3>Point cloud to DEM: interpolation</h3>
1999 point cloud interpolated at 1m resolution using reg. spline with tension
<p><img height="450" src="img/surfaces/liddfdm1e.jpg">
</section>
<section>
<h3>Spline interpolation with analysis</h3>
By tuning the tension coupled with smoothing, noise is reduced and, simultaneously,
topographic parameters are derived at a desired level of detail:
<br>profile curvature and slope draped over surface with changing tension
<br><img class="stretch" src="img/surfaces/lidar_tension_curv.gif">
<br><small> <a href="https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/1522204">
Mitasova, H. et al. 2005, Simultaneous spline interpolation and topographic analysis for lidar elevation data: methods for Open source GIS, IEEE GRSL 2(4), pp. 375- 379.</a>
</small>
</section>
<section>
<h3>Multitemporal DEM </h3>
Managed using GRASS temporal framework
<a href="https://grass.osgeo.org/grass82/manuals/temporalintro.html">TGRASS</a>
<p>
<img height="100" src="img/surfaces/timeline.png">
<img height="150" src="img/surfaces/jr_timeline3D.jpg">
<br>
<img height="130" src="img/surfaces/temp_plot_leeward_pt.png">
<img height="130" src="img/surfaces/temp_plot_windward_pt.png">
<br>
<img height="100" src="img/surfaces/series2.jpg">
<br><small>Gebbert, S., Pebesma, E., 2014. A temporal GIS for field based
environmental modeling. Environmental Modelling and Software 53, 1-12.</small>
</section>
<section>
<h3>Multitemporal DEM visualization</h3>
<p>Jockey's Ridge 1974 - 2017: southward migration, landform transformation
from crescentic dune to sand starved, fast moving parabolic dune
<img class="stretch" src="img/surfaces/jr_74_17_anim3dlgfix.gif">
</section>
<section data-animate="1,13" data-path="img/surfaces/JR_anim/JR_anim">
<h3>Multitemporal DEM visualization</h3>
</section>
<section>
<h3>Complex pattern of changes</h3>
<ul>
<li>DEM differences show both elevation loss (red) and increase (blue)
<li>total sand volume has been stable (~3.5 mil cubic m)
<li>volume of core (sand not moved between 1974-2017) is only 30% of total volume
</ul>
<img height="280" src="img/surfaces/jrdiff74_95.jpg">
<img height="280" src="img/surfaces/jrdiff08_15.jpg">
<p class="fragment"><img height="120" src="img/surfaces/jr_cut74_17.jpg"></p>
<!-- <img height="130" src="img/surfaces/temp_plot_windward_pt.png">
<img height="130" src="img/surfaces/temp_plot_leeward_pt.png">
<img height="200" src="img/surfaces/jr7417_maxrastcorr.jpg">-->
</section>
<section>
<h3>Multitemporal Contours</h3>
Contours capture the landform change but they are hard to read
<br> <img height="260" src="img/surfaces/jr_74_2017_16mcontour.png"> 16m
<br> <img height="230" src="img/surfaces/jr_74_2017_20mcontour.jpg"> 20m
<!-- <img height="130" src="img/surfaces/jr16/legend.png"> -->
</section>
<section >
<h3>Space-Time cube visualization</h3>
<p>DEM time series is converted into space-time voxel model in TGRASS and evolution of a contour
is represented as isosurface: 16m and 20m </p>
<img height="400" src="img/surfaces/jr16/animation.gif">
<!--<img src="img/jr18/animation.gif"> -->
<img height="400" src="img/surfaces/jr20/animation.gif">
</section>
<section>
<h3>Jockey's Ridge evolution analysis</h3>
<p>DEM time series: evolution quantified using TGRASS and surface analysis tools
<ul>
<li>linear trend in loss of peak elevation at 0.3m per year
<li>accelerating horizontal migration from 3m/yr to 6m/yr
<li>total sand volume is stable, but the <strong>core</strong> (sand that has not moved) is shrinking
<li>vegetation increased, but dune still kills trees on the leeward side
<li>management challenges: dynamic feature confined to static park boundaries
</ul>
<p>
<!--<img height="150" src="img/surfaces/core_2017_cut6.jpg">-->
<img height="200" src="img/surfaces/jr_74_17_cut3.jpg">
<img height="200" src="img/surfaces/peakregression_1950_2017.png">
</section>
<section>
<h3>Jockey's Ridge story</h3>
<p>The 43 m high dune was a transient landform
<p><img height="200" src="img/surfaces/JR_photosevol_17_50_08.jpg">
<br>
<img height="200" src="img/surfaces/Kittytrees1900.jpg">
<img height="200" src="img/surfaces/JR_2017_burriedtrees.jpg">
<img height="200" src="img/surfaces/veglost98_07.jpg">
<p><small>Dune in 1900 and 2016, vegetation lost between 1998-2007</small>
</section>
<!--
<section>
<h3>Vegetation</h3>
<ul>
<li>burried vegetation extent was estimated using DEM and DSM (more details?)
<li>Vegetation has spread, but dune still kills trees on the leeward side
</ul>
<p>
<img height="400" src="img/surfaces/jr_vegetation45_09.jpg">
</section>
-->
<section>
<h3>Jockey's Ridge management</h3>
Management focus is on preserving processes rather than features:
<p><strong>living landscape</strong>
<p>Up to date, 3D mapping is essential for sand relocation planning (done in 2003, 2019),
sand volume estimates, assessment of effectivenes, and for vegetation management.
<p>
<img height="220" src="img/surfaces/buldoz1_s.jpg">
<img height="220" src="img/surfaces/JR2005-1.jpg">
<p><a href="https://doi.org/10.3727/154427313X13818453739477">Mitas, O. et al., 2013, Managing Dune Landscape Changes at Jockey's Ridge State Park, North Carolina, Tourism in Marine Environments 9(3-4), pp. 155-167.</a>
dd
</section>
<section>
<h3>Multitemporal DEMs</h3>
Learn more about multitemporal DEM analytics:
<ul>
<li><a href="https://www.springer.com/us/book/9781493918348">
Hardin et al. 2014, GIS-based Analysis of Coastal Lidar Time-Series, Springer Brief</a>
<li><a href="https://doi.org/10.1130/GES00699.1">Starek MJ, et al., 2011, Modeling and analysis of landscape evolution using airborne, terrestrial, and laboratory laser scanning, Geosphere, 7(6), p. 1340-1356</a>
<li><a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/LGRS.2013.2241730">Starek, M.J., et al. 2013, Space-Time Cube Representation of Stream Bank Evolution Mapped by Terrestrial Laser Scanning, IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters 10(6), p. 1369-1373</a>
</ul>
<p><img height="200" src="img/surfaces/inundationArea.jpg">
<img height="200" src="img/surfaces/anim_storsurge.gif">
<img height="200" src="img/surfaces/umstead_stc.jpg">
</section>
<section>
<h2>From observations to modeling of processes</h2>
</section>
<section>
<h3>Water and sediment flow</h3>
<p>Land surface controls water and sediment flow across landscapes
<p>Critical processes and impacts: surface runoff, flooding, soil erosion
<p><img height="280" src="img/surfaces/secrefstorm2006Alberto.jpg">
<img height="280" src="img/surfaces/secref8-8-03ditch.jpg">
</section>
<section>
<h3>Surface flow modeling methods</h3>
Methods for modeling water flow depth
<p>
<div class="left" style="max-width: 45% !important">
<ul>
<li class="fragment">input: DEM with depression</li>
<li class="fragment">least cost path</li>
<li class="fragment">D-inf with depression as sink</li>
<li class="fragment">water accumulates is depression: kinematic wave</li>
<li class="fragment">water fills depression and flows out: diffusive wave</li>
<li class="fragment">predefined channel through depression</li>
</ul>
</div>
<img class="right" style="max-width: 50% !important" height="450" src="img/surfaces/gisemflow1hh.gif">
</section>
<section>
<h3>Dynamic Hydrologic Models</h3>
Flow modeling with diffusion term: process-based simulation
<p><img height="360" src="img/surfaces/gisemhhdifu.gif">
<p><small>Instead of filling the DEM, we fill the depression with water</small>
</section>
<section>
<h3>Path sampling method</h3>
<ul>
<li>duality between particle and field representation
<li>path sampling: water evolving according to the shallow
water bivariate continuity equation - drift and diffusion with stochastic component
</ul>
<p class="fragment"> <img height="380" src="img/surfaces/fanimwalk.gif">
<img class="fragment" height="380" src="img/surfaces/fanimhhcolp.gif">
</section>
<section>
<h3>Overland water flow </h3>
<p>Path sampling based simulation of water flow within a small agricultural watershed
<p> <img height="340" src="img/surfaces/lw_storm2006Alberto.jpg">
<img height="390" src="img/surfaces/elev_dischtest.gif">
<p><small>Photo: Flooding during Hurricane Alberto in 2006; Model: simulation of ponding and dispersed flow over the road</small>
</section>
<section>
<h3>High resolution water flow</h3>
<p> Street level modeling of surface runoff: sub-meter resolution, lidar-based DEM
and path sampling method reproduce flow over streets and ponding in riparian area
protected by stream buffers
<p>
<img height="450" src="img/surfaces/carywater_ortho_lg.jpg">
<img height="450" src="img/surfaces/water_stormdrains_zoom.jpg">
</section>
<section>
<h3>High resolution water flow</h3>
<p> Modeling spatial pattern of standing water after storm has passed
<p>
<img height="380" src="img/surfaces/carysimwe_eeidstorm.jpg">
<img height="380" src="img/surfaces/carysimwe_eeidpoststorm.jpg">
</section>
<section>
<h3>Modeling surface runoff and erosion/deposition</h3>
<p>Impact of variable land cover and construction on runoff and erosion and deposition, limitations of stream buffer protection
<p> <img width="90%" src="img/surfaces/middleschool_scen.jpg">
</section>
<section>
<h3>Water flow and erosion modeling</h3>
Learn more about surface water flow and erosion, sediment transport and deposition modeling:
<ul>
<li><a href="https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-2837-2019">Harmon B. et al., 2019. r.sim.terrain 1.0: a landscape evolution model with dynamic hydrology. In: Geoscientific Model Development, 12(7).
<li><a href="https://www-sciencedirect-com.prox.lib.ncsu.edu/science/article/pii/B978012374739600052X">Mitasova et al., 2013, GIS-based soil erosion modeling, In: Treatise on Geomorphology. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, vol. 3, Remote Sensing and GIScience in Geomorphology, pp. 228–258</a>
<li><a href="http://fatra.cnr.ncsu.edu/~hmitaso/gmslab/papers/II.6.8_Mitasova_044.pdf">
Mitasova, H., et al., 2005, Path sampling method for modeling overland water flow, sediment transport and short term terrain evolution in Open Source GIS. In: C.T. Miller, et al. eds., Proc. CMWR XV, 13-17 June 2004, Chapel Hill, NC, USA, Elsevier, pp. 1479-1490.</a>
</ul>
<img height="150" src="img/surfaces/yakima_panorama_1s.jpg">
</section>
<section>
<h2>Beyond bare ground</h2>
<p>
Modeling and analyzing surfaces with vegetation and structures
</section>
<section>
<h3>Beyond bare earth surface: vegetation</h3>
Geomorphons (Jasiewicz, Stepinski 2013) for vegetation surfaces from lidar, UAS
<br>individual tree detection and trunk modeling (Tabrizian et al. 2018)
<br>
<img height="250" src="img/surfaces/geomorphon.png">
<img height="250" src="img/surfaces/trunk_replace.jpg">
<p><small><a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9070445">Tabrizian, P. et al., 2020, High Resolution Viewscape Modeling Evaluated Through Immersive Virtual Environments. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 9, 445. </a>
</small>
</section>
<section>
<h3>Viewshed from DSM</h3>
Deriving viewshed from DSM with enhanced tree representation using
<br>individual tree detection and trunk modeling (Tabrizian et al. 2018)
<br>
<img height="250" src="img/surfaces/thick_view.jpg">
<img height="250" src="img/surfaces/thin_view.jpg">
<br>
<img height="150" src="img/surfaces/view_photos.png">
</section>
<section>
<h3>Urban topography and solar irradiation</h3>
Modeling the dynamics of solar irradiation and cast shadows in urban environment:
summer solstice day at NCSU Centennial Campus
<p>
<img height="400" src="img/surfaces/summer_solstice_centennial.gif">
</section>
<section>
<h3>Vegetation voxel model</h3>
Generalized Fragmentation Index:
slice of raw point cloud and slice of fragmentation index 3D raster
<p>
<img height="250" src="img/surfaces/profiles_points_and_ff.png">
<img height="200" src="img/surfaces/profile3d.png">
</section>
<section>
<h3>Vegetation voxel model</h3>
Slicing through fragmentation index 3D raster
<p>
<img height="400" src="img/surfaces/voxels_vegetation_anim.gif">
<small><a href="https://doi.org/10.1186/s40965-017-0021-8">
Petras, V. et al. 2017. Generalized 3D fragmentation index derived from lidar point clouds.
Open Geospatial Data, Software and Standards 2(9).</a> </small>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Tangible interface for surface analysis and process modeling</h2>
</section>
<section>
<h3>Tangible Landscape</h3>
<p> Bringing people together around GIS: Tangible user interface for GRASS GIS
<p>Designed to make working with geospatial data and simulations engaging, and fun</p>
<p>
<img height="180" src="img/surfaces/tangible_landscape_compcrop.jpg">
<p>
Petrasova, A. et al. (2018). Tangible Modeling with Open Source GIS. Second edition. Springer International Publishing.
<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-89303-7">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-89303-7</a>
</section>
<section>
<h3>How does it work?</h3>
<iframe data-autoplay width="50%" height="330" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/Cd3cCQTGer4?rel=0&showinfo=0&loop=1&playlist=Cd3cCQTGer4" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe>
<img height=380 src="img/surfaces/rendered_diagram_2.png">
<p>Tangible Landscape couples a digital and a physical model through a continuous cycle of 3D scanning, geospatial modeling, and projection</p>
</section>
<section>
<h3>Interactions</h3>
<p><img height="450" src="img/surfaces/tl_interactions_all.jpg">
</section>
<section>
<h3>Coupling with 3D rendering</h3>
<p><img height="450" src="img/surfaces/process4.png">
</section>
<section>
<h3>Design scenario analysis</h3>
<p><img height="480" src="img/surfaces/process7.png">
</section>
<!--
<section>
<h3>Tangible Landscape + Immersive Virtual Reality</h3>
<img height="180" src="img/surfaces/coupling_case3.jpg">
<iframe data-autoplay width="853" height="480" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/pYbpEMjME1Y?rel=0&showinfo=0" frameborder="0" allo
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dia" allowfullscreen></iframe>
</section>
-->
<section>
<h3>Tangible Landscape for designers and researchers</h3>
<p>
<img height="300px" src="img/surfaces/tl_planting_3.jpg">
<img height="300px" src="img/surfaces/TL_scientists.jpg">
</section>
<section>
<h3>Tangible Landscape for education</h3>
<p>
<iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/jX6FurEeW28?rel=0" frameborder="0" allow="autoplay; encrypted-media" allowfullscreen></iframe>
<img height="260" src="img/surfaces/collaboration2.JPG">
</section>
<section>
<h3>Tangible Landscape for communities</h3>
Platform for decision-making and science communication
where people of different backgrounds can interact.
<p>
<img height="220px" src="img/surfaces/bhigames_composite.jpg">
<br><a href="https://ncsu-geoforall-lab.github.io/geospatial-simulations-course/topics/tangible_landscape.html">
Learn more about Tangible Landscape</a>
<br>Tangible Landscape website:
<a href="tangible-landscape.github.io">tangible-landscape.github.io</a>
<br>TL wiki: github.com/tangible-landscape/grass-tangible-landscape/wiki
</section>
<section>
<h3>Open Science</h3>
<p>Developing open source software and contributing to OSGeo projects:
<br>GRASS GIS <a href="https://grass.osgeo.org/">https://grass.osgeo.org/</a>
<br>Tangible Landscape <a href="https://tangible-landscape.github.io">tangible-landscape.github.io</a>
<p>Open access educational material:
<br>NCSU GeoForAll Lab Courses and Workshops
<a href="https://geospatial.ncsu.edu/geoforall/courses.html">https://geospatial.ncsu.edu/geoforall/courses.html</a>
<p><a href="https://go.ncsu.edu/geoviz-scan">Geovisualization lab virtual tour: https://go.ncsu.edu/geoviz-scan</a>
<br><img height="280" src="img/surfaces/geovizlab_people2018.jpg">
</section>
<section>
<h3>Thank You!</h3>
<p>
<iframe data-autoplay width="700" height="350" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/Uje8ORyhBaQ?rel=0&showinfo=0&loop=1&playlist=Uje8ORyhBaQ" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe>
</section>
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