Add remaining component breakdowns to 46 more architecture diagrams

Second pass: audit found ~65 diagrams still missing explanations
across 6 files. Added 46 new component breakdowns (skipped 17 that
already had adequate explanatory text like Pros/Cons or bullet points).
All diagram types now have explanations: algorithm visualizations,
data structure diagrams, state machines, and comparison charts.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>

Author: niamleeson