[chore] Make mapstructure hooks safe against untyped nils (#13001)

<!--Ex. Fixing a bug - Describe the bug and how this fixes the issue.
Ex. Adding a feature - Explain what this achieves.-->
#### Description

If we enable `DecodeNil` as true, we may have [untyped
nils](https://go.dev/doc/faq#nil_error) being passed. Unfortunately,
these are not valid values for `reflect`, which leads to surprising
behavior such as golang/go/issues/51649.

Unfortunately, the default hooks from mapstructure do not deal with this
properly. To account for this, we:
- Vendor and change the `ComposeDecodeHookFunc` function so that this
case is accounted for the kinds of hooks that just won't work with
untyped nils
- Create a safe wrapper for the hooks that do work with untyped nils.
This wrapper is used in all hooks, but in the interest of keeping as
close to what I would imagine upstream will accept, I did not add this
to the compose function.

This should not have any end-user observable behavior.

<!-- Issue number if applicable -->
#### Link to tracking issue

Attempt to work around
#12996 (comment)

---------

Co-authored-by: Evan Bradley <11745660+evan-bradley@users.noreply.github.com>

Author: mx-psi

confmap/confmap.go

@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/knadh/koanf/v2"
 
 	encoder "go.opentelemetry.io/collector/confmap/internal/mapstructure"
+	"go.opentelemetry.io/collector/confmap/internal/third_party/composehook"
 )
 
 const (
@@ -234,7 +235,7 @@ func decodeConfig(m *Conf, result any, errorUnused bool, skipTopLevelUnmarshaler
 		TagName:          MapstructureTag,
 		WeaklyTypedInput: false,
 		MatchName:        caseSensitiveMatchName,
-		DecodeHook: mapstructure.ComposeDecodeHookFunc(
+		DecodeHook: composehook.ComposeDecodeHookFunc(
 			useExpandValue(),
 			expandNilStructPointersHookFunc(),
 			mapstructure.StringToSliceHookFunc(","),
@@ -306,6 +307,23 @@ func isStringyStructure(t reflect.Type) bool {
 	return false
 }
 
+// safeWrapDecodeHookFunc wraps a DecodeHookFuncValue to ensure fromVal is a valid `reflect.Value`
+// object and therefore it is safe to call `reflect.Value` methods on fromVal.
+//
+// Use this only if the hook does not need to be called on untyped nil values.
+// Typed nil values are safe to call and will be passed to the hook.
+// See https://github.com/golang/go/issues/51649
+func safeWrapDecodeHookFunc(
+	f mapstructure.DecodeHookFuncValue,
+) mapstructure.DecodeHookFuncValue {
+	return func(fromVal reflect.Value, toVal reflect.Value) (any, error) {
+		if !fromVal.IsValid() {
+			return nil, nil
+		}
+		return f(fromVal, toVal)
+	}
+}
+
 // When a value has been loaded from an external source via a provider, we keep both the
 // parsed value and the original string value. This allows us to expand the value to its
 // original string representation when decoding into a string field, and use the original otherwise.
@@ -355,7 +373,7 @@ func useExpandValue() mapstructure.DecodeHookFuncType {
 // we want an unmarshaled Config to be equivalent to
 // Config{Thing: &SomeStruct{}} instead of Config{Thing: nil}
 func expandNilStructPointersHookFunc() mapstructure.DecodeHookFuncValue {
-	return func(from reflect.Value, to reflect.Value) (any, error) {
+	return safeWrapDecodeHookFunc(func(from reflect.Value, to reflect.Value) (any, error) {
 		// ensure we are dealing with map to map comparison
 		if from.Kind() == reflect.Map && to.Kind() == reflect.Map {
 			toElem := to.Type().Elem()
@@ -375,7 +393,7 @@ func expandNilStructPointersHookFunc() mapstructure.DecodeHookFuncValue {
 			}
 		}
 		return from.Interface(), nil
-	}
+	})
 }
 
 // mapKeyStringToMapKeyTextUnmarshalerHookFunc returns a DecodeHookFuncType that checks that a conversion from
@@ -422,7 +440,7 @@ func mapKeyStringToMapKeyTextUnmarshalerHookFunc() mapstructure.DecodeHookFuncTy
 // unmarshalerEmbeddedStructsHookFunc provides a mechanism for embedded structs to define their own unmarshal logic,
 // by implementing the Unmarshaler interface.
 func unmarshalerEmbeddedStructsHookFunc() mapstructure.DecodeHookFuncValue {
-	return func(from reflect.Value, to reflect.Value) (any, error) {
+	return safeWrapDecodeHookFunc(func(from reflect.Value, to reflect.Value) (any, error) {
 		if to.Type().Kind() != reflect.Struct {
 			return from.Interface(), nil
 		}
@@ -455,14 +473,14 @@ func unmarshalerEmbeddedStructsHookFunc() mapstructure.DecodeHookFuncValue {
 			}
 		}
 		return fromAsMap, nil
-	}
+	})
 }
 
 // Provides a mechanism for individual structs to define their own unmarshal logic,
 // by implementing the Unmarshaler interface, unless skipTopLevelUnmarshaler is
 // true and the struct matches the top level object being unmarshaled.
 func unmarshalerHookFunc(result any, skipTopLevelUnmarshaler bool) mapstructure.DecodeHookFuncValue {
-	return func(from reflect.Value, to reflect.Value) (any, error) {
+	return safeWrapDecodeHookFunc(func(from reflect.Value, to reflect.Value) (any, error) {
 		if !to.CanAddr() {
 			return from.Interface(), nil
 		}
@@ -495,14 +513,14 @@ func unmarshalerHookFunc(result any, skipTopLevelUnmarshaler bool) mapstructure.
 		}
 
 		return unmarshaler, nil
-	}
+	})
 }
 
 // marshalerHookFunc returns a DecodeHookFuncValue that checks structs that aren't
 // the original to see if they implement the Marshaler interface.
 func marshalerHookFunc(orig any) mapstructure.DecodeHookFuncValue {
 	origType := reflect.TypeOf(orig)
-	return func(from reflect.Value, _ reflect.Value) (any, error) {
+	return safeWrapDecodeHookFunc(func(from reflect.Value, _ reflect.Value) (any, error) {
 		if from.Kind() != reflect.Struct {
 			return from.Interface(), nil
 		}
@@ -520,7 +538,7 @@ func marshalerHookFunc(orig any) mapstructure.DecodeHookFuncValue {
 			return nil, err
 		}
 		return conf.ToStringMap(), nil
-	}
+	})
 }
 
 // Unmarshaler interface may be implemented by types to customize their behavior when being unmarshaled from a Conf.
@@ -562,7 +580,7 @@ type Marshaler interface {
 // 4. configuration have no `keys` field specified, the output should be default config
 //   - for example, input is {}, then output is Config{ Keys: ["a", "b"]}
 func zeroSliceHookFunc() mapstructure.DecodeHookFuncValue {
-	return func(from reflect.Value, to reflect.Value) (any, error) {
+	return safeWrapDecodeHookFunc(func(from reflect.Value, to reflect.Value) (any, error) {
 		if to.CanSet() && to.Kind() == reflect.Slice && from.Kind() == reflect.Slice {
 			if from.IsNil() {
 				// input slice is nil, set output slice to nil.
@@ -574,7 +592,7 @@ func zeroSliceHookFunc() mapstructure.DecodeHookFuncValue {
 		}
 
 		return from.Interface(), nil
-	}
+	})
 }
 
 type moduleFactory[T any, S any] interface {

confmap/internal/third_party/composehook/compose_hook.go

@@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2013 Mitchell Hashimoto
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+// This code is a modified version of https://github.com/go-viper/mapstructure
+
+package composehook // import "go.opentelemetry.io/collector/confmap/internal/third_party/composehook"
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"reflect"
+
+	"github.com/go-viper/mapstructure/v2"
+)
+
+// typedDecodeHook takes a raw DecodeHookFunc (an any) and turns
+// it into the proper DecodeHookFunc type, such as DecodeHookFuncType.
+func typedDecodeHook(h mapstructure.DecodeHookFunc) mapstructure.DecodeHookFunc {
+	// Create variables here so we can reference them with the reflect pkg
+	var f1 mapstructure.DecodeHookFuncType
+	var f2 mapstructure.DecodeHookFuncKind
+	var f3 mapstructure.DecodeHookFuncValue
+
+	// Fill in the variables into this interface and the rest is done
+	// automatically using the reflect package.
+	potential := []any{f3, f1, f2}
+
+	v := reflect.ValueOf(h)
+	vt := v.Type()
+	for _, raw := range potential {
+		pt := reflect.ValueOf(raw).Type()
+		if vt.ConvertibleTo(pt) {
+			return v.Convert(pt).Interface()
+		}
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// cachedDecodeHook takes a raw DecodeHookFunc (an any) and turns
+// it into a closure to be used directly
+// if the type fails to convert we return a closure always erroring to keep the previous behavior
+func cachedDecodeHook(raw mapstructure.DecodeHookFunc) func(reflect.Value, reflect.Value) (any, error) {
+	switch f := typedDecodeHook(raw).(type) {
+	case mapstructure.DecodeHookFuncType:
+		return func(from reflect.Value, to reflect.Value) (any, error) {
+			// CHANGE FROM UPSTREAM: check if from is valid and return nil if not
+			if !from.IsValid() {
+				return nil, nil
+			}
+			return f(from.Type(), to.Type(), from.Interface())
+		}
+	case mapstructure.DecodeHookFuncKind:
+		return func(from reflect.Value, to reflect.Value) (any, error) {
+			// CHANGE FROM UPSTREAM: check if from is valid and return nil if not
+			if !from.IsValid() {
+				return nil, nil
+			}
+			return f(from.Kind(), to.Kind(), from.Interface())
+		}
+	case mapstructure.DecodeHookFuncValue:
+		return func(from reflect.Value, to reflect.Value) (any, error) {
+			return f(from, to)
+		}
+	default:
+		return func(reflect.Value, reflect.Value) (any, error) {
+			return nil, errors.New("invalid decode hook signature")
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// ComposeDecodeHookFunc creates a single DecodeHookFunc that
+// automatically composes multiple DecodeHookFuncs.
+//
+// The composed funcs are called in order, with the result of the
+// previous transformation.
+//
+// This is a copy of [mapstructure.ComposeDecodeHookFunc] but with
+// validation added.
+func ComposeDecodeHookFunc(fs ...mapstructure.DecodeHookFunc) mapstructure.DecodeHookFunc {
+	cached := make([]func(reflect.Value, reflect.Value) (any, error), 0, len(fs))
+	for _, f := range fs {
+		cached = append(cached, cachedDecodeHook(f))
+	}
+	return func(f reflect.Value, t reflect.Value) (any, error) {
+		var err error
+
+		// CHANGE FROM UPSTREAM: check if f is valid before calling f.Interface()
+		var data any
+		if f.IsValid() {
+			data = f.Interface()
+		}
+
+		newFrom := f
+		for _, c := range cached {
+			data, err = c(newFrom, t)
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, err
+			}
+			newFrom = reflect.ValueOf(data)
+		}
+
+		return data, nil
+	}
+}