Add range checks for weights given as `Int`

[YueRen]

In src/poly/orderings.jl, whenever we are working with weights given as Int, should we add checks that said said weights fit in Int16? I'm happy to work on the PR, but I just want to double-check that this is a sensible addition.

See oscar-system/Oscar.jl#5956 for a segfault caused by weights that do not fit in Int16.

[ederc]

The problem is that the number of bits used per exponent depends on the field and the number of variables.

[YueRen]

Is there a way for us to access said information from Julia? I looked into ring.cc and ring.h briefly, and I'm not even sure which of the fields is even responsible for it.