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Tile Creation Fails When Concat-ing Geoshape Charts #41

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#42
Open
Tile Creation Fails When Concat-ing Geoshape Charts#41
#42

Description

@moss-xyz
moss-xyz
opened on Feb 2, 2026

I believe this issue will touch on a few problems across altair_tiles, as well as altair and vega-lite with regards to creating geographic maps - I'll link to the issues that I believe are linked together

The Issue

When CONCATenating (such as via the | or & operator) multiple geographic charts with different extents (i.e. showing different areas of the world) together, tile generation fails, as it is seemingly not able to resolve the extents of each plot individually.

Reproducible Example

Some patience here, please - it takes a few steps to arrive at the problem, and I'm not able to share any actual data with you so I've had to recreate it using data from altair.datasets

Set-Up

This code is just to load and prepare the data for our usage 
import json
import requests

from altair.datasets import data
import altair as alt 
import altair_tiles as til
import topojson as tpj
import geopandas as gpd
import shapely as shp

# Loading data
response = requests.get(data.us_10m.url)
json_data = response.json()
# Converting to TopoJSON, and then to a GeoDataFrame
gdf = tpj.Topology(json_data, object_name="states").to_gdf().reset_index(drop=False)
gdf.crs = 4326

# Enforcing left-hand rule for geometries for plotting
gdf["geometry"] = shp.orient_polygons(gdf["geometry"], exterior_cw=True)

# A simple function to return an altair chart of the bbox 
def make_bbox(gdf): 
    bbox = shp.orient_polygons(gdf.geometry.buffer(1).union_all().envelope, exterior_cw=True)
    bbox_gdf = gpd.GeoDataFrame(data={"name":["bbox"]}, geometry=[bbox], crs=gdf.crs)

    bbox_chart = (
        alt.Chart(bbox_gdf)
        .mark_geoshape(filled=False, color="red")
    )

    return bbox_chart

Plotting a single geoshape

This works as expected, and is just to show that I know how to do this 
# Create a GDF of just Texas (FIPS: 48)
texas_gdf = gdf.query("index == 48")

# Create the map
texas_map = (
    alt.Chart(texas_gdf)
    .mark_geoshape()
    .project('mercator')
    .properties(width=400, height=400)
)

# Create a red bounding box around the state
# Not entirely accurate! But helps understand where the bounds of the geometry are versus the plot
texas_bbox = make_bbox(texas_gdf)

# Layer the two together
texas = (texas_map + texas_bbox)

# Show the output
texas

This results in the following, which is what I expect:

Image

CONCATenating Geoshape Plots Together

Things start to go off the rails here: naively concatenating the charts together causes vega to seemingly try and share their extents together across plots

Expand code: 
# Repeating the same process to make a Georgia plot

georgia_gdf = gdf.query("index == 13")

georgia_map = (
    alt.Chart(georgia_gdf)
    .mark_geoshape()
    .project('mercator')
    .properties(width=400, height=400)
)

georgia_bbox = make_bbox(georgia_gdf)

georgia = (georgia_map + georgia_bbox)

# Horizontally concatenating these two together

( texas | georgia )

This creates the following chart:

Image

Clearly this is not what I was intending! But I am not the first person to show up with this problem: it was highlighted in this issue in vega-lite, which mentioned that the workaround was to create a slightly different projection for each chart, and then concatenate them together.

Expand code: 
texas_map_fix = (
    alt.Chart(texas_gdf)
    .mark_geoshape()
    .project('mercator', precision=48/1e6)
    .properties(width=400, height=400)
)

texas_fix = (texas_map_fix + texas_bbox)

georgia_map_fix = (
    alt.Chart(georgia_gdf)
    .mark_geoshape()
    .project('mercator', precision=13/1e6)
    .properties(width=400, height=400)
)

georgia_fix = (georgia_map_fix + georgia_bbox)

(texas_fix | georgia_fix)

While I think this workaround is pretty jank, it does work and create the "intended" chart:

Image

However, as far as I can tell this workaround does not work with altair_tiles!

The Tiles Issue

Generating the tiles for a single map is just as easy as the following:

texas_tiles = til.add_tiles(texas_fix)

And this does work!

Image

But it doesn't work when you're concatenating the charts together...

texas_tiles = til.add_tiles(texas_fix)

georgia_tiles = til.add_tiles(georgia_fix)

(texas_tiles | georgia_tiles)

This doesn't produce anything workable as far as I can tell...

Expand to see Vega output 
{
  "$schema": "https://vega.github.io/schema/vega-lite/v6.1.0.json",
  "config": {"view": {"continuousHeight": 300, "continuousWidth": 300}},
  "datasets": {
    "data-24368b1215f0ab082bc5f142afd0decd": [
      {
        "geometry": {
          "coordinates": [
            [
              [
                [-97.30784538710489, 26.649693823761847],
                [-97.28630962254722, 26.59973854644592],
                [-97.25400597571071, 26.506810987567903],
                [-97.26477385798955, 26.513793983321744],
                [-97.3329704457555, 26.55998918600099],
                [-97.30784538710489, 26.59973854644592],
                [-97.3329704457555, 26.674940039179575],
                [-97.30784538710489, 26.649693823761847]
              ]
            ],
            [
              [
                [-97.30784538710489, 26.649693823761847],
                [-97.35809550440612, 26.72382100945645],
                [-97.37963126896379, 26.887115679392387],
                [-97.36886338668495, 26.896784442743854],
                [-97.30784538710489, 26.649693823761847]
              ]
            ],
            [
              [
                [-97.36886338668495, 26.896784442743854],
                [-97.39039915124262, 26.90860182017343],
                [-97.3724526807779, 27.24378561635772],
                [-97.36168479849906, 27.27816344160739],
                [-97.36168479849906, 27.364645158251093],
                [-97.24682738752483, 27.581655180139638],
                [-97.22170232887422, 27.576283644944375],
                [-97.34732762212728, 27.27816344160739],
                [-97.3724526807779, 27.158915360272594],
                [-97.36886338668495, 26.896784442743854]
              ]
            ],
            [
              [
                [-97.16786291748004, 27.724000862814055],
                [-97.08889844743526, 27.790070745715767],
                [-97.20016656431655, 27.614958698350257],
                [-97.16786291748004, 27.724000862814055]
              ]
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                [-97.04582691831992, 27.84056317655122]
              ]
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    },
    {"expr": "floor(dii)", "name": "dii_floor"},
    {"expr": "(dii_floor - dii) * tile_size", "name": "dx"},
    {
      "expr": "(1 - log(tan(base_point[1] * PI / 180) + 1 / cos(base_point[1] * PI / 180)) / PI) / 2 * max_one_side_tiles_count",
      "name": "djj"
    },
    {"expr": "floor(djj)", "name": "djj_floor"},
    {"expr": "round((djj_floor - djj) * tile_size)", "name": "dy"}
  ],
  "usermeta": {"embedOptions": {}}
}

So What To Do About It?

I think the root issue is that vega/vega-lite need to do a better job supporting concatenated maps (which I can't imagine is so rare!), but I'm open to hearing from people who understand this package better than I if this is actually trivial to solve...

I'm happy to help where I can - I understand Python decently well, and JS a little bit, but the API here is intimidating to get started with just jumping in and making edits.

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