Bug/except - Fix exception propagation for numpy>=2.4

[c-randall]

Description

The latest numpy 2.4 release broke the exception propagations. The new method relies on catching the exception and re-raising it when it occurs. The method works for all currently supported Python versions, but, when support for versions <3.12 is dropped we should move to using new C API for PyErr_GetRaisedException.

Type of change

• New feature (non-breaking change which adds functionality)
• Optimization (back-end change that improves speed/readability/etc.)
• Bug fix (non-breaking change which fixes an issue)
• Chore (any other clean up, maintenance, etc.)

Key checklist

• No style issues: $ nox -s linter [-- format]
• Code is free of misspellings: $ nox -s codespell [-- write]
• All tests pass: $ nox -s tests
• Badges are updated: $ nox -s badges

Further checks:

• The documentation builds: $ nox -s docs.
• Code is commented, particularly in hard-to-understand areas.
• Tests are added that prove fix is effective or that feature works.