Add comprehensive Stack data structure implementation

DIRECTORY.md

@@ -41,6 +41,9 @@
 
 ## Data Structures
   * [Binary Search Tree](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/R/blob/HEAD/data_structures/binary_search_tree.r)
+  * Stack
+    * [Next Greater Element](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/R/blob/HEAD/data_structures/Stack/next_greater_element.r)
+    * [Stack Operations](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/R/blob/HEAD/data_structures/Stack/stack_operations.r)
 
 ## Dynamic Programming
   * 0

data_structures/Stack/next_greater_element.r

@@ -0,0 +1,363 @@
+# Next Greater Element Problem - Stack Implementation
+#
+# Problem Statement:
+# Given an array of integers, for each element find the next greater element to its right.
+# The next greater element for an element x is the first greater element on the right side of x.
+# If no greater element exists, return -1 for that element.
+#
+# Examples:
+# Input: [4, 5, 2, 25]
+# Output: [5, 25, 25, -1]
+# Explanation: 
+# - For 4, next greater is 5
+# - For 5, next greater is 25
+# - For 2, next greater is 25  
+# - For 25, no greater element exists
+#
+# Input: [13, 7, 6, 12]
+# Output: [-1, 12, 12, -1]
+#
+# Input: [1, 3, 2, 4]
+# Output: [3, 4, 4, -1]
+#
+# Algorithm: Stack-based O(n) solution
+# Time Complexity: O(n) - each element is pushed and popped at most once
+# Space Complexity: O(n) - for the stack in worst case (decreasing sequence)
+
+# Simple Stack implementation for algorithm use
+AlgorithmStack <- setRefClass("AlgorithmStack",
+  fields = list(
+    items = "list",
+    top_idx = "numeric"
+  ),
+  methods = list(
+    initialize = function() {
+      .self$items <- list()
+      .self$top_idx <- 0
+    },
+
+    push = function(item) {
+      .self$top_idx <- .self$top_idx + 1
+      .self$items[[.self$top_idx]] <- item
+    },
+
+    pop = function() {
+      if (.self$top_idx == 0) return(NULL)
+      item <- .self$items[[.self$top_idx]]
+      .self$top_idx <- .self$top_idx - 1
+      return(item)
+    },
+
+    peek = function() {
+      if (.self$top_idx == 0) return(NULL)
+      return(.self$items[[.self$top_idx]])
+    },
+
+    is_empty = function() {
+      return(.self$top_idx == 0)
+    },
+
+    size = function() {
+      return(.self$top_idx)
+    }
+  )
+)
+
+# Main function to find next greater elements
+next_greater_element <- function(arr) {
+  "Find next greater element for each element in array using stack"
+  if (length(arr) == 0) return(c())
+
+  n <- length(arr)
+  result <- rep(-1, n)  # Initialize all with -1
+  stack <- AlgorithmStack$new()
+
+  # Process each element from left to right
+  for (i in 1:n) {
+    # While stack is not empty and current element is greater than
+    # the element at index stored at top of stack
+    while (!stack$is_empty() && arr[i] > arr[stack$peek()]) {
+      index <- stack$pop()
+      result[index] <- arr[i]
+    }
+
+    # Push current element's index to stack
+    stack$push(i)
+  }
+
+  return(result)
+}
+
+# Enhanced version with step-by-step visualization
+next_greater_element_with_steps <- function(arr) {
+  "Find next greater elements with detailed step-by-step visualization"
+  if (length(arr) == 0) return(list(result = c(), steps = list()))
+
+  n <- length(arr)
+  result <- rep(-1, n)
+  stack <- AlgorithmStack$new()
+  steps <- list()
+
+  # Initial state
+  steps[[1]] <- list(
+    step = 0,
+    current_element = "Start",
+    array = arr,
+    stack_contents = c(),
+    result = result,
+    description = "Initial state"
+  )
+
+  for (i in 1:n) {
+    step_description <- paste("Processing element", arr[i], "at index", i)
+
+    # Pop elements and update result
+    popped_elements <- c()
+    while (!stack$is_empty() && arr[i] > arr[stack$peek()]) {
+      index <- stack$pop()
+      result[index] <- arr[i]
+      popped_elements <- c(popped_elements, index)
+    }
+
+    if (length(popped_elements) > 0) {
+      step_description <- paste(step_description, "| Found NGE for indices:", paste(popped_elements, collapse = ", "))
+    }
+
+    # Push current index
+    stack$push(i)
+
+    # Get current stack contents for visualization
+    stack_contents <- c()
+    if (!stack$is_empty()) {
+      for (j in 1:stack$size()) {
+        if (j <= length(stack$items)) {
+          stack_contents <- c(stack_contents, stack$items[[j]])
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    # Record step
+    steps[[i + 1]] <- list(
+      step = i,
+      current_element = arr[i],
+      array = arr,
+      stack_contents = stack_contents,
+      result = result,
+      description = step_description
+    )
+  }
+
+  return(list(result = result, steps = steps))
+}
+
+# Helper function to print array nicely
+print_array <- function(arr, title = "Array") {
+  cat(title, ": [", paste(arr, collapse = ", "), "]\n")
+}
+
+# Helper function to print step visualization
+print_step <- function(step_info) {
+  cat("\nStep", step_info$step, ":", step_info$description, "\n")
+  cat("Current element:", step_info$current_element, "\n")
+  print_array(step_info$array, "Input")
+
+  if (length(step_info$stack_contents) > 0) {
+    stack_values <- sapply(step_info$stack_contents, function(idx) paste0(step_info$array[idx], "(", idx, ")"))
+    cat("Stack (indices): [", paste(stack_values, collapse = ", "), "]\n")
+  } else {
+    cat("Stack: [empty]\n")
+  }
+
+  print_array(step_info$result, "Result so far")
+}
+
+# Next Greater Element to the Right for Circular Array
+next_greater_element_circular <- function(arr) {
+  "Find next greater elements in circular array (wrapping around)"
+  if (length(arr) == 0) return(c())
+
+  n <- length(arr)
+  result <- rep(-1, n)
+  stack <- AlgorithmStack$new()
+
+  # Process the array twice to handle circular nature
+  for (i in 1:(2 * n)) {
+    current_index <- ((i - 1) %% n) + 1  # Convert to 1-based circular index
+
+    while (!stack$is_empty() && arr[current_index] > arr[stack$peek()]) {
+      index <- stack$pop()
+      if (result[index] == -1) {  # Only update if not already found
+        result[index] <- arr[current_index]
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (i <= n) {  # Only push indices in first pass
+      stack$push(current_index)
+    }
+  }
+
+  return(result)
+}
+
+# Previous Greater Element (using stack)
+previous_greater_element <- function(arr) {
+  "Find previous greater element for each element"
+  if (length(arr) == 0) return(c())
+
+  n <- length(arr)
+  result <- rep(-1, n)
+  stack <- AlgorithmStack$new()
+
+  # Process from left to right
+  for (i in 1:n) {
+    # Remove smaller or equal elements
+    while (!stack$is_empty() && arr[stack$peek()] <= arr[i]) {
+      stack$pop()
+    }
+
+    # If stack is not empty, top element is previous greater
+    if (!stack$is_empty()) {
+      result[i] <- arr[stack$peek()]
+    }
+
+    stack$push(i)
+  }
+
+  return(result)
+}
+
+# Stock Span Problem using Stack
+stock_span <- function(prices) {
+  "Calculate stock span for each day (consecutive previous days with price <= current day)"
+  if (length(prices) == 0) return(c())
+
+  n <- length(prices)
+  spans <- rep(1, n)  # Initialize all spans to 1
+  stack <- AlgorithmStack$new()
+
+  for (i in 1:n) {
+    # Pop elements while stack is not empty and 
+    # price at stack top is less than or equal to current price
+    while (!stack$is_empty() && prices[stack$peek()] <= prices[i]) {
+      stack$pop()
+    }
+
+    # If stack becomes empty, span is i (all previous days)
+    # Otherwise, span is difference between current index and index at stack top
+    spans[i] <- if (stack$is_empty()) i else (i - stack$peek())
+
+    # Push current index to stack
+    stack$push(i)
+  }
+
+  return(spans)
+}
+
+# Largest Rectangle in Histogram using Stack
+largest_rectangle_histogram <- function(heights) {
+  "Find the largest rectangle area in histogram using stack"
+  if (length(heights) == 0) return(0)
+
+  n <- length(heights)
+  stack <- AlgorithmStack$new()
+  max_area <- 0
+
+  for (i in 1:n) {
+    # While stack is not empty and current height is less than
+    # height at stack top, calculate area with stack top as smallest bar
+    while (!stack$is_empty() && heights[i] < heights[stack$peek()]) {
+      height <- heights[stack$pop()]
+      width <- if (stack$is_empty()) i - 1 else i - stack$peek() - 1
+      area <- height * width
+      max_area <- max(max_area, area)
+    }
+    stack$push(i)
+  }
+
+  # Process remaining bars in stack
+  while (!stack$is_empty()) {
+    height <- heights[stack$pop()]
+    width <- if (stack$is_empty()) n else n - stack$peek()
+    area <- height * width
+    max_area <- max(max_area, area)
+  }
+
+  return(max_area)
+}
+
+# Function to demonstrate all stack applications
+demonstrate_stack_applications <- function() {
+  cat("=== Stack Applications - Problem Solving ===\n")
+
+  # Test Case 1: Next Greater Element
+  cat("\n--- Next Greater Element Problem ---\n")
+  test_arrays <- list(
+    c(4, 5, 2, 25),
+    c(13, 7, 6, 12),
+    c(1, 3, 2, 4),
+    c(5, 4, 3, 2, 1),
+    c(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
+  )
+
+  for (i in seq_along(test_arrays)) {
+    arr <- test_arrays[[i]]
+    result <- next_greater_element(arr)
+    cat("\nTest", i, ":\n")
+    print_array(arr, "Input")
+    print_array(result, "Next Greater")
+  }
+
+  # Test Case 2: Circular Array
+  cat("\n--- Next Greater Element (Circular Array) ---\n")
+  circular_test <- c(1, 2, 1)
+  print_array(circular_test, "Input")
+  circular_result <- next_greater_element_circular(circular_test)
+  print_array(circular_result, "Next Greater (Circular)")
+
+  # Test Case 3: Previous Greater Element
+  cat("\n--- Previous Greater Element ---\n")
+  prev_test <- c(4, 5, 2, 25, 7, 8)
+  print_array(prev_test, "Input")
+  prev_result <- previous_greater_element(prev_test)
+  print_array(prev_result, "Previous Greater")
+
+  # Test Case 4: Stock Span Problem
+  cat("\n--- Stock Span Problem ---\n")
+  stock_prices <- c(100, 80, 60, 70, 60, 75, 85)
+  print_array(stock_prices, "Stock Prices")
+  span_result <- stock_span(stock_prices)
+  print_array(span_result, "Stock Spans")
+  cat("Explanation: Span[i] = number of consecutive days (including current) with price <= price[i]\n")
+
+  # Test Case 5: Largest Rectangle in Histogram
+  cat("\n--- Largest Rectangle in Histogram ---\n")
+  histogram_heights <- c(6, 2, 5, 4, 5, 1, 6)
+  print_array(histogram_heights, "Histogram Heights")
+  max_area <- largest_rectangle_histogram(histogram_heights)
+  cat("Largest Rectangle Area:", max_area, "\n")
+}
+
+# Detailed step-by-step demonstration
+demonstrate_detailed_steps <- function() {
+  cat("\n\n=== Detailed Step-by-Step: Next Greater Element ===\n")
+
+  test_array <- c(4, 5, 2, 25)
+  cat("\nSolving for array:", paste(test_array, collapse = ", "), "\n")
+  cat("Algorithm: Use stack to store indices of elements for which NGE is not found yet\n")
+
+  solution <- next_greater_element_with_steps(test_array)
+
+  for (step in solution$steps) {
+    print_step(step)
+  }
+
+  cat("\nFinal Result:", paste(solution$result, collapse = ", "), "\n")
+  cat("\nTime Complexity: O(n) - each element pushed and popped at most once\n")
+  cat("Space Complexity: O(n) - for the stack in worst case\n")
+}
+
+# Run demonstrations if script is executed directly
+if (sys.nframe() == 0) {
+  demonstrate_stack_applications()
+  demonstrate_detailed_steps()
+}