Update methylphenidate dosage, onset, and summary info

drugs.json

@@ -13635,13 +13635,20 @@
       "amfebutamone"
     ],
     "categories": [
-      "stimulant",
-      "habit-forming"
+      "stimulant"
     ],
     "formatted_aftereffects": {
       "_unit": "hours",
       "value": "1-6"
     },
+    "formatted_dose": {
+      "Oral": {
+        "Light": "150mg/day",
+        "Common": "150-300mg/day",
+        "Strong": "300-450mg/day",
+        "Heavy": "450mg+/day"
+      }
+    },
     "formatted_duration": {
       "_unit": "hours",
       "Metabolites": "20-37",
@@ -13662,11 +13669,10 @@
         "amfebutamone"
       ],
       "categories": [
-        "stimulant",
-        "habit-forming"
+        "stimulant"
       ],
       "chemistry": "IUPAC: (±)-2-(tert-Butylamino)-1-(3-chlorophenyl)propan-1-one | Formula: C13H18ClNO | Molecular Mass: 239.74 g/mol",
-      "contraindications": "Seizure disorder, current or prior diagnosis of bulimia or anorexia nervosa, abrupt discontinuation of alcohol, benzodiazepines, barbiturates, and anti-epileptic drugs, and MAOIs,",
+      "contraindications": "Seizure disorder, current or prior diagnosis of bulimia or anorexia nervosa, abrupt discontinuation of alcohol, benzodiazepines, barbiturates, and anti-epileptic drugs, and MAOIs",
       "duration": "Parent: 11-21 hours | Metabolites: 20-37 hours",
       "effects": "Mild - moderate increase in motor activity and agitation/excitement",
       "legal": "Australia: Prescription Only (S4) | Canada: ℞-only | United Kingdom: POM | United States: ℞-only",
@@ -13675,11 +13681,12 @@
       "pharmacokinetics": "Protein Binding: 84% (bupropion), 77% [hydroxybupropion (active metabolite)], 42% [threohydrobupropion (active metabolite)] | Metabolism: hepatic, primarily CYP2B6-mediated hydroxylation; both bupropion and hydroxybupropion (active metabolite) are CYP2D6 inhibitors | Excretion: renal (87%; 0.5% unchanged) and faecal (10%)",
       "pharmacology": "NDRI (Norepinephrine-Dopamine Reuptake Inhibitor); NDRA (Norepinephrine-Dopamine Releasing Agent); α3β2, α3β4, α4β2, and α7 nACh receptor antagonist",
       "summary": "A frequently prescribed atypical antidepressant. Occasionally prescribed as an aid to smoking cessation. May lower seizure threshold in predisposed individuals. Poorly understood mechanism of action, probably an NDRI. Avoid combination with other drugs.",
-      "warning": "Bupropion lowers the seizure threshold and can induce seizures when excessive doses are used and/or when combined with CNS stimulants or other drugs that also lower the threshold, such as theophylline, steroids, some tricyclic antidepressants, and alcohol"
+      "warning": "Bupropion lowers the seizure threshold in a dose-dependent manner. Seizure risk increases significantly at total daily doses above 450 mg, with immediate-release formulations, rapid dose escalation, or when tablets are crushed or altered. Risk is further increased when combined with other substances that lower the seizure threshold, including CNS stimulants, alcohol (especially during withdrawal or binge use), theophylline, systemic corticosteroids, and certain antidepressants."
     },
     "sources": {
       "_general": [
-        "Evaluation of a Potential Metabolism-Mediated Drug-Drug Interaction Between Atomoxetine and Bupropion in Healthy Volunteers. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27518170"
+        "Evaluation of a Potential Metabolism-Mediated Drug-Drug Interaction Between Atomoxetine and Bupropion in Healthy Volunteers. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27518170",
+        "dosing information for Bupropion https://www.mayoclinic.org/drugs-supplements/bupropion-oral-route/description/drg-20062478"
       ]
     }
   },
@@ -29883,16 +29890,16 @@
     },
     "formatted_dose": {
       "Insufflated": {
-        "Common": "15-40mg",
-        "Heavy": "60-75mg+",
-        "Light": "5-15mg",
-        "Strong": "40-60mg"
+        "Light": "5-10mg",
+        "Common": "10-20mg",
+        "Strong": "20-30mg",
+        "Heavy": "30mg+"
       },
       "Oral": {
-        "Common": "40-60mg",
-        "Heavy": "80-100mg+",
-        "Light": "20-40mg",
-        "Strong": "60-80mg"
+        "Light": "5-10mg",
+        "Common": "10-20mg",
+        "Strong": "20-40mg",
+        "Heavy": "40mg+"
       }
     },
     "formatted_duration": {
@@ -29914,8 +29921,7 @@
     ],
     "formatted_onset": {
       "_unit": "minutes",
-      "Insufflated_IR": "5-10",
-      "Insufflated_XR": "5-10",
+      "Insufflated": "5-10",
       "Oral_ER": "30-120",
       "Oral_IR": "30-120"
     },
@@ -29934,12 +29940,13 @@
         "habit-forming",
         "common"
       ],
-      "dose": "Oral Light: 20-40mg  Common: 40-60mg  Strong: 60-80mg  Heavy: 80-100mg+ | Insufflated Light: 5-15mg  Common: 15-40mg  Strong: 40-60mg  Heavy: 60-75mg+",
+      "dose": "Oral Light: 5-10mg  Common: 10-20mg  Strong: 20-40mg  Heavy: 40mg+ | Insufflated Light: 5-10mg  Common: 10-20mg  Strong: 20-30mg  Heavy: 30mg+",
       "duration": "Oral-IR: 3-6 hours. | Oral-XR: 8-12 hours. | Insufflated: 2-4 hours. | Note: XR formulations when crushed or otherwise changed become IR before they can be insufflated, so the duration of such is roughly the same as typical IR formulations.",
       "effects": "Increased alertness, Euphoria, Increased motivation, Reduced appetite, Flushing of the face, Increased body temperature, Tachycardia (increased heart rate), Paranoia, Insomnia.",
       "marquis": "Moderate orange yellow ",
-      "onset": "Oral-IR: 30-120 minutes | Oral-XR: 30-120 minutes | Insufflated-XR: 5-10 minutes | Insufflated-IR: 5-10 minutes",
-      "summary": "A psychostimulant commonly used in the treatment of ADHD, narcolepsy, and obesity. The drug is particuarly used in the EU instead of Adderall. Methylphenidate is a 5HT1A receptor agonist. The drug is prescribed off-label to help the withdrawals from cocaine and other stimulants."
+      "onset": "Oral-IR: 30-120 minutes | Oral-XR: 30-120 minutes | Insufflated: 5-10 minutes",
+      "summary": "A psychostimulant widely used worldwide as a first-line treatment for ADHD and used in the treatment of narcolepsy. Methylphenidate acts primarily as a norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitor (NDRI). In many European countries it is commonly prescribed as a first-line option for ADHD where amphetamine-based medications are less frequently used. It has been investigated for off-label use in stimulant dependence, but this is not standard clinical practice.",
+      "warning": "Extended-release (XR/ER/LA/CR) formulations should not be insufflated. Crushing XR products destroys the release mechanism and introduces large amounts of insoluble fillers, significantly increasing nasal irritation and damage without extending effects. If insufflation occurs, effects are immediate-release only."
     },
     "pweffects": {
       "Analysis enhancement": "https://psychonautwiki.org/wiki/Analysis_enhancement",
@@ -29972,7 +29979,6 @@
         "Methylphenidate treatment induces oxidative stress in young rat brain. - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16494852",
         "A comprehensive in vitro screening of d-, l-, and dl-threo-methylphenidate: an exploratory study. - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17201613",
         "Methylphenidate and its ethanol transesterification metabolite ethylphenidate: brain disposition, monoamine transporters and motor activity. - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17218796",
-        "The psychostimulant d-threo-(R,R)-methylphenidate binds as an agonist to the 5HT(1A) receptor. - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19322953",
         "Methylphenidate combined with aripiprazole in children and adolescents with bipolar disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19877980",
         "Isopropylphenidate: an ester homolog of methylphenidate with sustained and selective dopaminergic activity and reduced drug interaction - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24261661",
         "Object memory impairment at post-drug Day 15 but not at Day 1 after a regimen of repeated treatment with oral methylphenidate. - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24631430",
@@ -29983,7 +29989,11 @@
         "Methylphenidate combined with aripiprazole in children and adolescents with bipolar disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a random... - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19877980",
         "Long Withdrawal of Methylphenidate Induces a Differential Response of the Dopaminergic System and Increases Sensitivity to Cocaine in the Prefronta... - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26509840",
         "IV use of methylphenidate can lead to infections and abscesses due to the fillers in the medication - http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hed.2890060409/full",
-        "Pregnancy category C according to the FDA - http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2007/010187s069,018029s040,021284s011lbl.pdf"
+        "Pregnancy category C according to the FDA - http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2007/010187s069,018029s040,021284s011lbl.pdf",
+        "Ritalin (methylphenidate) dosage information for adults and pediatric patients. Describes standard oral dosing, starting doses, titration schedules, and a recommended maximum total daily dose of 60 mg, administered in divided doses. - https://www.drugs.com/dosage/ritalin.html",
+        "NHS guidance on how and when to take methylphenidate for adults. Covers standard tablet dosing, starting doses (5 mg), dose escalation, narcolepsy dosing, and maximum daily dose recommendations, with emphasis on divided dosing. - https://www.nhs.uk/medicines/methylphenidate-adults/how-and-when-to-take-methylphenidate-for-adults/",
+        "Mayo Clinic clinical reference for oral methylphenidate. Provides dosing information for short-acting tablets in adults and children, including typical daily dose ranges, divided administration, and a recommended maximum daily dose of 60 mg. - https://www.mayoclinic.org/drugs-supplements/methylphenidate-oral-route/description/drg-20068297",
+        "Riatlin works on Norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitor (NDRI) mechanism - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylphenidate"
       ]
     }
   },
@@ -39917,5 +39927,140 @@
       "onset": "30-50 minutes",
       "summary": "β-Hydroxy-2C-B is a novel analogue of 2C-B that is a slightly less potent to 2C-B, and reportedly a longer duration. 2C-B is suspected to be the active metabolite of βk-2C-B."
     }
+  },
+  "ic-26": {
+    "categories": [
+      "opioid",
+      "habit-forming",
+      "depressant"
+    ],
+    "formatted_aftereffects": {
+      "_unit": "hours",
+      "value": "6-48"
+    },
+    "formatted_dose": {
+      "Oral": {
+        "Light": "5-10mg",
+        "Common": "10-20mg",
+        "Strong": "20-35mg",
+        "Heavy": "35mg+"
+      }
+    },
+    "formatted_duration": {
+      "_unit": "hours",
+      "value": "6-24"
+    },
+    "formatted_effects": [
+      "Analgesia",
+      "Euphoria",
+      "Sedation",
+      "Respiratory depression",
+      "Mood lift",
+      "Itchiness",
+      "Dry mouth",
+      "Pupil constriction",
+      "Physical relaxation"
+    ],
+    "formatted_onset": {
+      "_unit": "minutes",
+      "value": "45-120"
+    },
+    "links": {
+      "experiences": "https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/data-and-analysis/bulletin/bulletin_1963-01-01_1_page005.html"
+    },
+    "name": "ic-26",
+    "pretty_name": "Methiodone",
+    "properties": {
+      "after-effects": "6–48 hours. Drug effects lasting up to 24 hours were reported in some subjects following single oral doses.",
+      "aliases": [
+        "IC-26",
+        "I-C-26",
+        "WIN 1161-3",
+        "Methiodone"
+      ],
+      "avoid": "All other CNS depressants.",
+      "bioavailability": "Oral (exact value unknown).",
+      "categories": [
+        "opioid",
+        "habit-forming",
+        "depressant"
+      ],
+      "dose": "Light: 5-10mg Common: 10-20mg Strong: 20-35mg+. NOTE: In controlled human studies, single oral doses below approximately 25 mg often produced no definite subjective effects, while morphine-like effects became consistent at higher doses.",
+      "note": "Please be aware that with research chemicals purchased from grey-market vendors, one can never be 100% certain of the actual amount or purity of the active compound. Tread lightly.",
+      "duration": "Oral 6–24 hours. In human studies, effects were sometimes reported for as long as 24 hours after a single oral dose.",
+      "effects": "Analgesia, Euphoria, Sedation, Respiratory depression, Mood lift, Itchiness, Dry mouth, Pupil constriction, Physical relaxation.",
+      "half-life": "Unknown.",
+      "onset": "45–120 minutes.",
+      "summary": "Methiodone (IC-26, WIN 1161-3) is a synthetic opioid analgesic and methadone analogue developed by Sterling Drug Inc. In human studies, low oral doses frequently produced no clear subjective effects, while higher doses induced morphine-like effects with significant inter-individual variability. Twenty-four-hour substitution studies demonstrated that IC-26 effectively suppressed morphine withdrawal, and its addiction liability was concluded to be comparable to morphine."
+    },
+    "sources": {
+      "_general": [
+        "Wolbach AB, Fraser HF. Addiction Liability of I-C-26. Bulletin on Narcotics, 1963.",
+        "Janssen PA. Synthetic Analgesics Vol. 1. Pergamon Press, 1960.",
+        "Lednicer D. Central Analgetics. Wiley, 1982.",
+        "US Patent 2,618,640 – Certain Amino Hydrocarbon Sulfones and Process of Preparation (Archer, Suter, Tullar; Sterling Drug Inc.)."
+      ]
+    }
+  },
+  "dxme": {
+    "categories": [
+      "dissociative",
+      "habit-forming",
+      "research-chemical"
+    ],
+    "formatted_aftereffects": {
+      "_unit": "hours",
+      "value": "6-24"
+    },
+    "formatted_dose": {
+      "Oral": {
+        "Light": "15-25mg",
+        "Common": "30-50mg",
+        "Strong": "50-80mg",
+        "Heavy": "80mg+"
+      }
+    },
+    "formatted_duration": {
+      "_unit": "hours",
+      "value": "4-8"
+    },
+    "formatted_effects": [
+      "Dissociation",
+      "Analgesia",
+      "Euphoria",
+      "Cognitive impairment",
+      "Sedation",
+      "Time distortion",
+      "Impaired coordination",
+      "Confusion"
+    ],
+    "formatted_onset": {
+      "_unit": "minutes",
+      "value": "30-90"
+    },
+    "name": "dxme",
+    "pretty_name": "Deoxymethoxetamine",
+    "properties": {
+      "after-effects": "6–24 hours. Residual dissociation, cognitive fog, and fatigue may persist into the following day.",
+      "avoid": "Other dissociatives, alcohol, benzodiazepines, opioids, and other CNS depressants.",
+      "bioavailability": "Oral (exact value unknown).",
+      "categories": [
+        "dissociative",
+        "habit-forming",
+        "research-chemical"
+      ],
+      "dose": "Oral Light: 15-25mg | Common: 30-50mg | Strong: 50-80mg | Heavy: 80mg+. NOTE: DXME is a novel dissociative with limited human data. Potency, duration, and adverse effects may vary significantly between individuals. Conservative dosing and extended waiting periods are advised.",
+      "note": "Please be aware that with research chemicals purchased from grey-market vendors, one can never be 100% certain of the actual amount or purity of the active compound. Tread lightly.",
+      "duration": "4–8 hours. Duration may vary depending on dose, metabolism, and individual sensitivity.",
+      "effects": "Dissociation, Analgesia, Euphoria, Cognitive impairment, Sedation, Time distortion, Impaired coordination, Confusion.",
+      "half-life": "Unknown.",
+      "onset": "30–90 minutes.",
+      "summary": "Deoxymethoxetamine (DXME) is a novel dissociative from the arylcyclohexylamine family that emerged on the illicit market around 2020–2021. It has been identified as a new psychoactive substance and computationally predicted to possess addictive potential. Human pharmacological data remain limited, and effects show notable inter-individual variability."
+    },
+    "sources": {
+      "_general": [
+        "Han M, Liu S, Zhang D, et al. AddictedChem: A Data-Driven Integrated Platform for New Psychoactive Substance Identification. Front Pharmacol. 2022;13:922741. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9227411/"
+      ]
+    }
   }
 }