ICML 2026 medical ai papers

Additions or corrections are welcome in Issues! format: Title + Paper Link + Code Link.

Table of Contents

• Large Language Models (LLMs) & NLP
• Multimodal & Vision-Language (VLM)
• Physiological Signals / ECG / PPG / Time-Series / Medical Audio
• Agents & Reasoning
• Benchmarks, Datasets & Toolkits
• Image Segmentation & Diagnosis
• Others (Surgical AI, Genomics, Federated Learning)

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Large Language Models (LLMs) & NLP

• From Token to Token Pair: Efficient Prompt Compression for Large Language Models in Clinical Prediction [Paper][Code]
• InfiMed-ORBIT: Aligning LLMs on Open-Ended Complex Tasks via Rubric-Based Incremental Training [Paper][Code]
• MedREK: Retrieval-Based Editing for Medical LLMs with Key-Aware Prompts [Paper][Code]
• TwinWeaver: An LLM-Based Foundation Model Framework for Pan-Cancer Digital Twins [Paper][Code]
• PathwayLLM: Explainable Clinical Trajectory Modeling with Structured Pathways for Sepsis Prediction [Paper]
• ClinTutor-R1: Advancing Scalable and Robust One-to-Many Alignment in Clinical Socratic Education [Paper][Code]
• STT-LLM: Structural-Temporal Tokenization for Adapting LLMs to Longitudinal Clinical Profiles [Paper]
• SPR-RAFT: Parameter-Efficient Regression-Aware Fine-Tuning for Biomedical LLM Regression [Paper]
• MedCoG: Maximizing LLM Inference Density in Medical Reasoning via Meta-Cognitive Regulation [Paper]
• Expert-guided Clinical Text Augmentation via Query-Based Model Collaboration [Paper]
• The Double Dilemma in Multi-Task Radiology Report Generation: A Gradient Dynamics Analysis and Solution [Paper][Code]

Multimodal & Vision-Language (VLM)

• Token-Sparse Medical Multimodal Reasoning via Dual-Stream Reinforcement Learning [Paper][Code]
• SynerMedGen: Synergizing Medical Multimodal Understanding with Generation via Task Alignment [Paper][Code]
• UniMedVL: Unifying Medical Multimodal Understanding and Generation through Observation-Knowledge-Analysis [Paper][Code]
• MedSIGHT: Towards Grounded Visual Comprehension in Medical Large Vision-Language Models [Paper][Code]
• Scalable Medical Multimodal Fusion via Symmetric Consistency Modeling [Paper][Code]
• MEDA: Medical-Oriented Activation Editing for Hallucination Mitigation in Medical Large Vision-Language Model [Paper]
• LLM-Guided Diagnostic Evidence Alignment for Medical Vision–Language Pretraining under Limited Pairing [Paper]
• Med-Scout: Curing MLLMs' Geometric Blindness in Medical Perception via Geometry-Aware RL Post-Training [Paper][Code]
• M-IDoL: Information Decomposition for Modality-Specific and Diverse Representation Learning in Medical Foundation Model [Paper]

Physiological Signals / ECG / PPG / Time-Series

• Physiology-Aware Masked Cross-Modal Reconstruction for Biosignal Representation Learning [Paper][Code]
• OpenTSLM: Time-Series Language Models for Reasoning over Multivariate Medical Text- and Time-Series Data [Paper][Code]
• BioFormer: Rethinking Cross-Subject Generalization via Spectral Structural Alignment in Biomedical Time-Series [Paper][Code]
• MoRGEN: Mixture-of-Resolutions Generative Forecasting for Irregularly Sampled Medical Time-Series Data [Paper]
• Learning Fingerprints for Medical Time Series with Redundancy-Constrained Information Maximization [Paper]
• SGERA: Stein-Guided ECG-Report Alignment for ECG Representation Learning [Paper][Code]
• ECG-R1: Protocol-Guided and Modality-Agnostic MLLM for Reliable ECG Interpretation [Paper][Code]
• SIGMA-PPG: Statistical-prior Informed Generative Masking Architecture for PPG Foundation Model [Paper][Code]
• Unlocking Cross-Modal Biosignal Synthesis: A Temporally-Aware VAE-Diffusion Model [Paper]
• Cardio-mmFlow: A Gaussian-Prior-Free Physics-Informed Flow Matching Framework for Electrocardiogram to mmWave Radar Synthesis [Paper]
• Image-to-Brain Signal Generation for Visual Prosthesis with CLIP Guided Multimodal Diffusion Models [Paper]
• MedMamba: Multi-View State Space Models with Adaptive Graph Learning for Medical Time Series Classification [Paper][Code]
• HEARTS: Benchmarking LLM Reasoning on Health Time Series [Paper][Code]

Medical Audio

• MedMosaic: A Challenging Large Scale Benchmark of Diverse Medical Audio [Paper][web]
• Spherical Procrustes Alignment for Reliable Medical Audio Diagnosis [Paper][code]
• Listening Through the Noise: Cauchy-Driven Diffusion Bridges for Robust Gastrointestinal Auscultation and Clinical Benchmarking [Paper]
• StethoLM: Audio Language Model for Cardiopulmonary Analysis Across Clinical Tasks [Paper][Code]

Agents & Reasoning

• AgentScore: Autoformulation of Deployable Clinical Scoring Systems [Paper]
• Ophiuchus: Incentivizing Tool-augmented ''Think with Images'' for Joint Medical Segmentation, Understanding and Reasoning [Paper]
• Evidential Reasoning Advances Interpretable Real-World Disease Screening [Paper]][Code]
• MedScope: Incentivizing "Think with Videos" for Clinical Reasoning via Coarse-to-Fine Tool Calling [Paper][Code]
• Optimizing Inference-Time Compute for Medical Reasoning via Uncertainty Quantification [Paper][Code]
• 3DMedAgent: Unified Perception-to-Understanding for 3D Medical Analysis [Paper]
• From Conflict to Consensus: Boosting Medical Reasoning via Multi-Round Agentic RAG [Paper][Code]
• Turning Drift into Constraint: Robust Reasoning Alignment in Non-Stationary Multi-Stream Environments [Paper][Code]
• Thinking in Scales: Accelerating Gigapixel Pathology Image Analysis via Adaptive Continuous Reasoning [Paper][Code]
• Why Specialist Models Still Matter: A Heterogeneous Multi-Agent Paradigm for Medical Artificial Intelligence [Paper]

Benchmarks, Datasets & Toolkits

• PyHealth 2.0: A Comprehensive Open-Source Toolkit for Accessible and Reproducible Clinical Deep Learning [Paper]
• Seizure-Semiology-Suite (S³): A Clinically Multimodal Dataset, Benchmark, and Models for Seizure Semiology Understanding [Paper][Code]
• Benchmarking the Scientific Mind: Toward Evaluation of Complex-Reasoning Biomedical VQA [Paper]
• CLINIC : Evaluating Multilingual Trustworthiness in Language Models for Healthcare [Paper][Code]

Image Segmentation & Diagnosis

• Are We Overconfident in Models and Results for Semi-Supervised 3D Medical Image Segmentation? [Paper][Code]
• Auditing Sybil: Explaining Deep Lung Cancer Risk Prediction Through Generative Interventional Attributions [Paper]
• FACT: Fuzzy Alignment with Comorbidity Topology for Reliable Multi-Label Medical Image Diagnosis [Paper][Code]
• Stabilizing In-Context Multi-Source Domain Adaptation for Biomedical Images Through Controls [Paper]
• Med-SegLens: Latent-Level Model Diffing for Interpretable Medical Image Segmentation [Paper]
• MedCRP-CL: Continual Medical Image Segmentation via Bayesian Nonparametric Semantic Modality Discovery [Paper][Code]
• Shift-Dependent Asymmetry: Orthogonal Inverse Low-Rank Adaptation for Federated Medical Segmentation [Paper]
• On Revisiting Entropy for Identifying Mislabeled Medical Images [Paper][Code]
• Auditing Sybil: Explaining Deep Lung Cancer Risk Prediction Through Generative Interventional Attributions [Paper]
• Dynamic Decision Learning: Test-Time Evolution for Abnormality Grounding in Rare Diseases [Paper][Code]
• ProConMV: Provenance-Enabled Conceptual Framework for Interpretable Multi-View Diabetic Retinopathy Diagnosis

Others (Surgical AI, Genomics, Federated Learning)

• ORBIT: A Prognostic World Model for Ocular Reasoning Based on Imagined Trajectories [Paper]
• Mitigating Surgical Data Imbalance with Dual-Prediction Video Diffusion Model [Paper]
• BioToken and BioFM – Biologically-Informed Tokenization Enables Accurate and Efficient Genomic Foundation Models [Paper][Code]
• Fair-FedMOE: Group-Fair One-Shot Federated Learning via Prototype-Guided Experts for Medical Imaging Analysis [Paper]
• Rethinking Federated Prompt Learning for Medical Images: From Textual Tuning to Visual Manifold Anchoring [Paper]
• Plug-and-Play Diffusion Meets ADMM: Dual-Variable Coupling for Robust Medical Image Reconstruction [Paper][Code]
• Geometrically Constrained Stenosis Editing in Coronary Angiography via Entropic Optimal Transport [Paper][Code]
• Scaling Vision Transformers for Functional MRI with Flat Maps [Paper][Code]
• GenCircuit-RL: Reinforcement Learning from Hierarchical Verification for Genetic Circuit Design [Paper]