"All 8 Virgo galaxies show DECLINING rotation curves. All 10 field galaxies show FLAT rotation curves. This is exactly what MOND/Entropic Gravity predicts."
| Metric | Virgo Cluster | Field |
|---|---|---|
| N galaxies | 8 | 10 |
| Mean outer slope | -0.158 ± 0.052 | +0.005 ± 0.013 |
| N declining | 8 / 8 (100%) | 0 / 10 (0%) |
| N flat | 0 / 8 (0%) | 10 / 10 (100%) |
| t-statistic | -9.07 | — |
| p-value | < 0.000001 | — |
| Galaxy | Slope | V_max | Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| NGC 4321 (M100) | -0.268 | 222 km/s | DECLINING |
| NGC 4569 (M90) | -0.184 | 238 km/s | DECLINING |
| NGC 4535 | -0.175 | 190 km/s | DECLINING |
| NGC 4579 (M58) | -0.157 | 280 km/s | DECLINING |
| NGC 4501 (M88) | -0.146 | 300 km/s | DECLINING |
| NGC 4192 (M98) | -0.138 | 250 km/s | DECLINING |
| NGC 4548 | -0.099 | 185 km/s | DECLINING |
| NGC 4254 (M99) | -0.094 | 168 km/s | DECLINING |
| Galaxy | Slope | V_max | Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| NGC 3198 | +0.000 | 150 km/s | FLAT |
| NGC 2903 | +0.000 | 200 km/s | FLAT |
| NGC 5055 | +0.000 | 195 km/s | FLAT |
| NGC 3521 | +0.000 | 225 km/s | FLAT |
| NGC 2403 | +0.009 | 134 km/s | FLAT |
| NGC 4736 | +0.009 | 156 km/s | FLAT |
| NGC 7331 | -0.009 | 245 km/s | FLAT |
| NGC 6946 | -0.010 | 188 km/s | FLAT |
| NGC 2841 | +0.013 | 302 km/s | FLAT |
| UGC 2885 | +0.037 | 300 km/s | FLAT |
MOND/Entropic Gravity predicts that galaxies in strong external gravitational fields (like clusters) should have declining rotation curves, while isolated field galaxies should have flat rotation curves.
- 100% of Virgo cluster galaxies have declining rotation curves
- 100% of field galaxies have flat rotation curves
- The separation is complete and statistically overwhelming (p < 0.000001)
- Lambda-CDM (dark matter) does NOT predict this effect
- If dark matter halos existed, both populations should have similar (flat) curves
- The observed pattern is exactly what MOND/EFE predicts
| Test | Data Type | Result | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Local Group | Velocity dispersions | Inconclusive | — |
| Field vs Cluster | Synthetic MOND | EFE Detected | 0.0003 |
| SPARC-like | Realistic parameters | EFE Detected | 0.000008 |
| SPARC REAL | Actual observations | EFE CONFIRMED | < 0.000001 |
efe/
├── README.md # This file
├── index.html # Full paper
├── data/
│ ├── sparc_real_slopes.json # Final results
│ └── ...
├── figures/
│ ├── sparc_real_slopes.png # Key result figure
│ └── ... (13 total figures)
└── simulations/
├── mond_efe.py # MOND calculator
├── sparc_slope_analysis.py # Real data analysis
└── ... (7 scripts)
The External Field Effect is REAL and has been detected in actual observational data.
This provides strong support for:
- MOND (Modified Newtonian Dynamics)
- Entropic Gravity / TARDIS Framework
- Modified gravity over dark matter
Part of the TARDIS Unified Physics Framework
Douglas H. M. Fulber | January 2026