BEAMFORM — Multi-Domain Phased Array Simulator

A real-time 2D simulator for ultrasound imaging, 5G beamforming, and radar detection — built on unified phased array physics.

📋 Overview

BEAMFORM is a multi-purpose simulator that combines advanced physics with interactive graphics for deep understanding of phased array systems across 4 specialized modes:

🌊 Generic Beamforming — Interactive interference field, Cartesian & polar beam profiles
🔊 Ultrasound — Medical ultrasound imaging with realistic Shepp-Logan phantom
📡 5G Beamforming — Multi-tower network with massive MIMO and handover logic
🎯 Radar — Phased array radar with dynamic target tracking and PPI display

📁 Project Structure

beamform/
├── app.py                      # Flask backend server
├── requirements.txt
├── data/
│   └── scenarios.json          # Saved scenarios (auto-created)
└── frontend/
    ├── index.html              # Landing page
    ├── simulator.html          # Main simulator UI
    ├── sim.css                 # Unified styling
    │
    ├── app.js                  # Main application manager
    ├── renderer.js             # 2D/3D rendering engine
    ├── physics.js              # General physics engine
    ├── system.js               # System management
    │
    ├── beamforming.js          # Core beamforming engine
    ├── entities.js             # Data objects
    │
    ├── radar.js                # 🎯 Radar mode
    ├── ultrasound.js           # 🔊 Ultrasound mode
    ├── fiveg.js                # 📡 5G mode
    │
    ├── api-client.js           # HTTP client
    └── scenarios.js            # Scenario manager

🔌 REST API Reference

Method	Endpoint	Description
`GET`	`/api/health`	Health check
`GET`	`/api/scenarios`	List all saved scenarios
`GET`	`/api/scenarios/<key>`	Get a specific scenario
`POST`	`/api/scenarios`	Save a scenario
`DELETE`	`/api/scenarios/<key>`	Delete a scenario
`POST`	`/api/physics/beam-pattern`	Compute beam pattern (360 points)
`POST`	`/api/physics/steering-delays`	Compute steering delays
`POST`	`/api/physics/focusing-delays`	Compute focusing delays
`GET`	`/api/physics/window`	Get apodization weights

📡 Simulation Modes

🌊 Generic Beamforming — `beamforming.js`

Phased array theory with 3 synchronized interactive visualizations.

Three Synchronized Views:

2D Interference Field (55% height) — Colored radiation field, main & sidelobes
Cartesian Beam Profile (bottom left) — dB scale (-70 to 0), beamwidth readout
Polar Radiation Pattern (bottom right) — Classic polar plot with circular lobes

Design Parameters:

Parameter	Range	Description
`numElements`	2–256	Number of elements
`spacing`	0.1–2.0	Relative spacing (d/λ)
`frequency`	100 MHz–100 GHz	Operating frequency
`steerAngle`	−90 to 90°	Beam steering angle
`windowType`	none/hamming/hanning/blackman/kaiser	Apodization window
`kaiserBeta`	1–20	Kaiser window parameter

Key Equations:

Wave Vector:       k = 2π/λ = 2πf/c
Phase Progression: Δφ = k·d·sin(θ_steer)
Field at Point:    E(r) = Σ wₙ · (A/√r) · cos(k·r - n·Δφ + φ₀)
Main Lobe Width:   BW₋₃dB ≈ 0.886λ / (d·N·cos(θ))

Available Windows:

Window	SLL Suppression	Use Case
None	13 dB	Theoretical ideal
Hamming	43 dB	General purpose
Hanning	32 dB	General purpose
Blackman	58 dB	High performance
Kaiser	30–120 dB	Research / adjustable

Window Comparison — Same Array (N=99, f=2.7 GHz):

Rect (No Window)	Hamming

Hanning	Blackman

Kaiser (β = 6.0) — Tradeoff between Rect and Blackman:

🎯 Radar Simulator — `radar.js`

Professional radar simulation with phased array and accurate physics modeling.

Key Features:

✅ Dynamic Detection — Detection probability linked to SNR
✅ Smart Tracking — Automatic target tracking mode
✅ Target Management — Add / delete / drag targets with mouse
✅ Noise Modeling — False alarms at low SNR
✅ PPI Display — Classic phosphor sweep with echo persistence

Tracking Mode — beam locks onto a selected target and follows it continuously instead of full 360° scan:

Simulation Parameters:

Parameter	Range	Description
`numElements`	1–128	Array elements
`frequency`	1–100 GHz	Operating frequency (C/X/Ku band)
`scanSpeed`	0.1–2.0 rad/s	Rotation / steering speed
`scanRange`	50–500 m	Maximum scan range
`beamWidthDeg`	1–15°	Main lobe width
`snr`	0–1000	Signal-to-Noise ratio
`windowType`	none/hamming/hanning/blackman/kaiser	Apodization
`trackingMode`	true/false	Enable auto-tracking

Physics Equations:

Detection Probability: P_det = (SNR/100)^1.8
False Alarm Rate:      P_fa ∝ max(0, 40 - SNR)
Effective Beam Width:  BW_eff = BW_base × Window_factor

User Interaction:

🖱️ Left-click scope — Add target
🖱️ Drag — Move target
⌨️ Delete — Remove selected target
🎛️ Sliders — Real-time parameter adjustment

🔊 Ultrasound Simulator — `ultrasound.js`

Medical ultrasound simulation with realistic tissue phantom (Shepp-Logan).

Interference Field (Beam Mode)

The Beam mode renders the raw acoustic interference field produced by the phased array probe in real time. This is the foundational view that shows exactly how the wavefronts from each element combine:

Constructive interference along the steering direction forms the main lobe — a bright focused beam
Destructive interference on either side creates the characteristic dark nulls between sidelobes
The focal point (orange dot) marks where all element delays converge — maximum pressure concentration
Dragging the canvas steers the beam laterally; the focal depth slider moves the convergence point axially

The interference pattern is computed element-by-element using:

Pressure at point P:  p(P) = Σ wₙ · (1/√r_n) · cos(k·r_n - ω·τ_n)
Steering delay:       τ_n = (n·d·sin θ) / c
Focusing delay:       τ_n = (max(dist) - dist_n) / c

Where wₙ = apodization weight, r_n = distance from element n to point P, τ_n = applied time delay.

Scanning Modes:

Mode	Dimensions	FPS	Clinical Use
Beam	Interference field	60	Teaching / visualization
A-Mode	1D	60	Quick distance measurement
B-Mode	2D	10	Full tissue cross-section
Doppler	2D + Time	30	Blood flow & vessels

A-Mode (Amplitude Mode)

Displays echo amplitude vs depth along a single beam line — the simplest and fastest scan mode.

X-axis = depth (mm), Y-axis = echo amplitude (0–1)
Two traces rendered simultaneously: RF signal (raw) and Log envelope (processed)
Each peak corresponds to a tissue interface; peak height reflects impedance mismatch
Useful for measuring exact distances to structures (e.g. skull thickness, lesion depth)

B-Mode (Brightness Mode)

Sweeps the beam across the full aperture to reconstruct a 2D grayscale cross-section of the phantom.

Supports both linear probe (rectangular FOV) and curved probe (wide-angle sector)
Pixel brightness encodes echo intensity after attenuation correction
Rendered at ~10 FPS to allow real-time steering & focusing updates

Linear probe:

Curved probe:

Doppler Mode

Measures blood flow velocity using the frequency shift of the returning echo from the moving vessel.

Left panel: phantom view with beam steered toward the blood vessel (orange dot = sample gate)
Top right: Doppler Power Spectrum — frequency shift peak in kHz
Bottom right: Pulsatile Waterfall — scrolling time–frequency display at 60 BPM showing pulsatile cardiac rhythm

Doppler Shift: f_d = (2 · v · cos θ) / c × f₀

Where v = blood velocity, θ = beam–vessel angle, c = 1540 m/s, f₀ = probe frequency.

Shepp-Logan Phantom (Key Tissues):

Tissue	Impedance (MRayl)	Speed (m/s)	Notes
Skull	7.8	3500	Strong reflector
Brain	1.62	1560	Base tissue
Lesion	1.70	1570	🔴 Diagnostic indicator
Calcification	7.0	3000	High reflectivity
Blood Vessel	1.61	1570	Dynamic (Doppler)

Focusing & Steering Parameters:

Parameter	Range	Description
`numElements`	1–64	Probe elements
`frequency`	2–15 MHz	Operating frequency
`spacing`	0.5–3.0 mm	Element pitch
`arrayType`	linear / curved	Probe geometry
`steerAngle`	−60 to 60°	Lateral steering
`focalDepth`	1–500 mm	Dynamic focal depth
`apodization`	none/hanning/hamming/kaiser	Window function
`bloodVelocity`	0–2 m/s	Blood flow speed (Doppler)

Acoustic Physics:

Impedance:            Z = ρ × c
Reflection:           R = (Z₂ - Z₁) / (Z₂ + Z₁)
Attenuation:          A(f,d) = e^(-2αfd)
Doppler Shift:        f_d = (2v·cos θ / c) × f₀

📡 5G Beamforming Simulator — `fiveg.js`

5G cellular network simulation with multiple towers and mobile users.

Key Features:

✅ Massive MIMO — Up to 256 elements per tower
✅ Beam Steering — Per-user efficient steering
✅ Handover Logic — Smart tower switching with hysteresis
✅ Coverage Maps — Real-time signal quality visualization
✅ mmWave — 28–39 GHz simulation

Tower Parameters:

Parameter	Range	Description
`numElements`	4–256	MIMO array size
`frequency`	10–100 GHz	Operating frequency
`range`	50–1000 m	Maximum coverage range
`snr`	0–1000	Signal quality

Signal Model:

Signal Quality:      Q(d) = (1 - d/R) × SNR_factor × Steering_gain
Handover Threshold:  Th = (1 - SNR_normalized) × 0.6

UI Interaction:

🖱️ Add Tower — Press "Add Tower" then click map
🖱️ Add User — Press "Add User" then click map
🖱️ Move Objects — Drag towers or users
🗑️ Delete — Press Delete on selected object

🗼 Tower Control Panel

Each tower is independently configurable. Click any tower to open its control panel:

Parameter	Description
Antenna Elements	Number of MIMO elements — more elements = narrower, sharper beam
Frequency	Operating frequency; coverage range scales inversely with frequency
SNR	Signal quality budget for this tower
Coverage Range	Maximum radius the tower serves
Apodization Window	None / Hanning / Hamming / Blackman — controls beam sidelobe suppression

👤 User Controls & Display Options

The sidebar controls let you manage the full simulation layout:

Add Tower (T) / Add User (U) — keyboard shortcuts for fast placement
Remove Selected (Shift+Click) — remove any tower or user
Move Selected User — D-pad for precise user repositioning
Display toggles — Show/hide Beams, Coverage Area, Antenna Elements, Tower Info Boxes
Analysis View — opens the per-tower beam analysis panel (see below)

📊 5G Analysis View — Beam Analysis Panel

Clicking "Analysis View" opens a dedicated Beam Analysis modal for the selected tower. It provides four synchronized visualizations that together give a complete picture of the tower's radiation behavior:

🗺️ 2D Interference Map (Top Left)

A top-down spatial heatmap showing the full interference field radiated from the tower across the coverage area.

Cyan/white regions — constructive interference zones where signal adds up coherently (main lobe + sidelobes)
Dark regions — destructive interference nulls where signals cancel out
The yellow dot marks the tower position (phase center of the array)
The red dot marks the steered user location — the beam is maximally focused toward it
The circular boundary represents the tower's configured coverage range
The fan-shaped bright wedge pointing toward the user is the main beam; the narrower faint lines on either side are sidelobes

This view shows where the energy goes in 2D space — useful for spotting interference hotspots and null zones.

📡 Beam Profile — Polar Pattern (Top Right)

A polar (rose) diagram showing radiated gain as a function of angle, from −90° to +90°.

The sharp central peak (at 0° axis) represents the main lobe — the direction of maximum gain where the beam is steered
The symmetric side wings are sidelobes — lower-amplitude secondary radiation that cannot be fully eliminated
The plot uses a linear amplitude scale (not dB), so the main lobe is visually dominant
Beamwidth is annotated (e.g., BW 6.3°) — the angular width between the −3 dB half-power points
The pattern is rendered in cyan against a dark polar grid for clarity

A narrow beamwidth means higher spatial selectivity — the tower can precisely target a user while minimizing interference to neighbors.

📈 Array Factor vs Angle — AF Plot (Bottom Left)

A Cartesian line chart plotting the Array Factor (AF) — the normalized beamforming gain — as a continuous function of steering angle from −90° to +90°.

Y-axis: Amplitude from 0% to 100% (normalized to peak = 1)
X-axis: Angle in degrees
The tall central spike is the main lobe peak, reaching 100% at the steered direction (dashed line)
The oscillating ripples on both sides are sidelobes — their number and amplitude depend on the element count and apodization window
More antenna elements → narrower spike, lower sidelobes
A dashed vertical line marks the exact steering angle for quick reference

This is the most precise view for reading exact beamwidth and sidelobe levels (SLL) numerically.

🌈 Field Map — Constructive/Destructive Heatmap (Bottom Right)

A fan-shaped 2D false-color map showing the signed interference pattern — distinguishing constructive from destructive zones with a diverging color scale.

Blue/cyan tones — constructive interference (signals add, field is positive)
Orange/amber tones — destructive interference (signals cancel, field is negative)
White — transition zone near zero crossing
The radiating fan shape traces the beam from the tower outward across the coverage sector
Individual antenna element positions are shown as white dots along the bottom arc
The bright central white streak is the main lobe axis; the alternating color bands on either side are successive sidelobe peaks and nulls

Unlike the interference map, this view encodes phase sign — it reveals the full wave structure of the field, not just amplitude intensity.

📋 Per-User Signal Table

Below the header, each active user connected to this tower is listed with real-time metrics:

Field	Description
θ (angle)	Current beam steering angle toward the user (degrees)
Δφ (phase step)	Inter-element phase increment applied (radians)
SNR	Effective signal-to-noise ratio at the user location
Sig %	Signal strength as a percentage of maximum
Bar indicator	Visual signal quality bar — green = strong, red = weak

The tower simultaneously maintains independent beams for each user, each with its own steering angle and phase progression — this is the core of Massive MIMO spatial multiplexing.

📋 Predefined Scenarios

Scenario	Description
Urban Dense Deployment	Three towers with overlapping coverage — models a dense city block with handover zones
Single Tower Multi-User	One base station steering multiple simultaneous beams — demonstrates spatial multiplexing
Handover Scenario	Two towers at coverage boundary — user crosses from one cell to another triggering handover logic

🔧 Shared Parameters Across All Modes

// Array Configuration
numElements    // Number of elements (1–256)
spacing        // d/λ relative spacing
frequency      // Hz (actual frequency)
arrayType      // 'linear' | 'curved' (ultrasound only)

// Signal Processing
windowType     // Apodization: none/hamming/hanning/blackman/kaiser
kaiserBeta     // Kaiser parameter (1–20)
steerAngle     // Steering angle (°)
phase          // Global phase offset (°)
amplitude      // Gain (0–1)

// Performance
snr            // Signal-to-noise ratio (0–1000)
txPower        // Transmit power (dBm)
range          // Maximum range (meters)

💾 Scenario System

Save and restore complete configurations via the UI or API.

Storage: data/scenarios.json (auto-created)

Example structure:

{
  "radar_urban": {
    "mode": "radar",
    "name": "Urban Scan",
    "params": {
      "numElements": 32,
      "frequency": 9e9,
      "scanSpeed": 0.8,
      "snr": 100,
      "trackingMode": true
    }
  },
  "ultrasound_cardiac": {
    "mode": "ultrasound",
    "name": "Cardiac Imaging",
    "params": {
      "arrayType": "curved",
      "frequency": 3.5e6,
      "focalDepth": 80,
      "snr": 60
    }
  }
}

🚀 Quick Start

Requirements

Python 3.8+
Modern browser (Chrome, Firefox, Edge)

Installation & Run

# 1. Install dependencies
pip install -r requirements.txt

# 2. Start the server
python app.py

# 3. Open browser
# Navigate to: http://localhost:5000

🏗️ Architecture

Backend (Flask)

┌─────────────────────────────────────┐
│  Flask Application (app.py)         │
├─────────────────────────────────────┤
│  • Static File Server               │
│  • REST API (Scenarios + Physics)   │
│  • CORS Middleware                  │
│  • JSON Storage (data/scenarios.json)│
└─────────────────────────────────────┘

Frontend (JavaScript MVC)

┌──────────────────────────────────────────┐
│         Application Layer (app.js)       │
├──────────────────────────────────────────┤
│  ┌─────────────┬──────────────┬────────┐ │
│  │   Radar     │  Ultrasound  │  5G    │ │
│  │  Simulator  │  Simulator   │  Sim   │ │
│  └─────────────┴──────────────┴────────┘ │
│           ↓ extends BaseSimulator        │
├──────────────────────────────────────────┤
│         Physics Layer (physics.js)       │
│  • Beamforming Engine                    │
│  • Wave Propagation                      │
│  • Signal Processing                     │
├──────────────────────────────────────────┤
│       Rendering Layer (renderer.js)      │
│  • Canvas 2D Drawing                     │
│  • HeatMaps                              │
│  • Real-time Visualization               │
└──────────────────────────────────────────┘

🎮 Advanced Usage Tips

Generic Beamforming:

Start with spacing = 0.5 as baseline
Hamming window is a safe default
Watch polar and Cartesian together for full understanding

Radar:

Set SNR ≥ 100 for reliable detection
Enable Tracking Mode for moving targets
Lower SNR → more false alarms (realistic noise)

Ultrasound:

Use 3–5 MHz for deep tissue imaging
Set focalDepth to half the distance to target
Kaiser apodization for highest precision

5G:

Place towers in equilateral triangle for uniform coverage
Use 28–39 GHz for mmWave simulation
256 elements gives very sharp beam steering

📄 License

This project is open source.

Name		Name	Last commit message	Last commit date
Latest commit History 19 Commits
Beam Images		Beam Images
frontend		frontend
README.md		README.md
app.py		app.py
requirements.txt		requirements.txt

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BEAMFORM — Multi-Domain Phased Array Simulator

📋 Overview

📁 Project Structure

🔌 REST API Reference

📡 Simulation Modes

🌊 Generic Beamforming — beamforming.js

🎯 Radar Simulator — radar.js

🔊 Ultrasound Simulator — ultrasound.js

Interference Field (Beam Mode)

A-Mode (Amplitude Mode)

B-Mode (Brightness Mode)

Doppler Mode

📡 5G Beamforming Simulator — fiveg.js

🗼 Tower Control Panel

👤 User Controls & Display Options

📊 5G Analysis View — Beam Analysis Panel

🗺️ 2D Interference Map (Top Left)

📡 Beam Profile — Polar Pattern (Top Right)

📈 Array Factor vs Angle — AF Plot (Bottom Left)

🌈 Field Map — Constructive/Destructive Heatmap (Bottom Right)

📋 Per-User Signal Table

📋 Predefined Scenarios

🔧 Shared Parameters Across All Modes

💾 Scenario System

🚀 Quick Start

Requirements

Installation & Run

🏗️ Architecture

Backend (Flask)

Frontend (JavaScript MVC)

🎮 Advanced Usage Tips

📄 License

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🌊 Generic Beamforming — `beamforming.js`

🎯 Radar Simulator — `radar.js`

🔊 Ultrasound Simulator — `ultrasound.js`

📡 5G Beamforming Simulator — `fiveg.js`

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