Backport: Backport: feat (provider/anthropic): add support for inference_geo provider option

[vercel-ai-sdk]

This is an automated backport of #14344 to the release-v5.0 branch. FYI @vercel-ai-sdk[bot]
This backport has conflicts that need to be resolved manually.

git cherry-pick output

Auto-merging content/providers/01-ai-sdk-providers/05-anthropic.mdx
CONFLICT (file location): examples/ai-functions/src/generate-text/anthropic/inference-geo.ts added in 61f1a61bc (Backport: feat (provider/anthropic): add support for inference_geo provider option (#14344)) inside a directory that was renamed in HEAD, suggesting it should perhaps be moved to examples/ai-core/src/generate-text/inference-geo.ts.
Auto-merging packages/anthropic/src/anthropic-messages-language-model.test.ts
Auto-merging packages/anthropic/src/anthropic-messages-language-model.ts
Auto-merging packages/anthropic/src/anthropic-messages-options.ts
CONFLICT (content): Merge conflict in packages/anthropic/src/anthropic-messages-options.ts
error: could not apply 61f1a61bc... Backport: feat (provider/anthropic): add support for inference_geo provider option (#14344)
hint: After resolving the conflicts, mark them with
hint: "git add/rm <pathspec>", then run
hint: "git cherry-pick --continue".
hint: You can instead skip this commit with "git cherry-pick --skip".
hint: To abort and get back to the state before "git cherry-pick",
hint: run "git cherry-pick --abort".
hint: Disable this message with "git config set advice.mergeConflict false"